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Solubility
Chapter 2Ms. Mishriky & M. Moscoso
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A solution is a mixture
• Review: Separation Techniques of Mixtures– Decantation– Magnetism– Evaporation– Distillation– Filtration– Sieving– Sedimentation– Hand removal
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Solutions
Definition:Definition: a solution is a homogeneous mixture whose component substances cannot be distinguished, even with the aid of a magnifying instrument.
- can be solid, liquid or gas.The component substances are called solvent and
solute. The solute is dissolved in the solvent. Solute molecules fit into “holes” of solvent.
Aqueous solution: solution in which the solvent is water.
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Solutions• An aqueous solution is a solution in which the
solvent is water. • It is the polarity of the water molecule that
makes it capable of dissolving a great number of substances.
• In general, water dissolves molecules made up of ionic bonds (like salt) and those that have a certain polarity (like sugar).
• Conversely, non-polar molecules are not very soluble in water.
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How does that work?
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Properties of Solutions
• Solubility• Concentration• Electrical conductivity• pH
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Solubility
• Solubility: it is the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a certain amount of solvent, at a certain temperature.
• “Like dissolves like”: A solution forms when the attractive forces between the solute and the solvent are similar (polar & polar, non-polar with non-polar).– Solubility in water: solutes that are polar (Na+Cl-) dissolve best in
water. Solutes that are non polar (oil) almost never dissolve in water.
– http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/molvie1.swf
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Factors that influence solubility
• Nature of the solute• Nature of the solvent• Pressure (gas solutes)• Temperature
Solubility is expressed inmg/L.
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Saturation of solutions
• Saturation: saturation is the point at which a solvent can dissolve no more of a solute and additional amounts of solute will appear as a precipitate.
• 36 grams of salt is fully saturated in 100 ml of water.
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36.0
Supersaturated solution
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• Undersaturation: is a state of a solvent that is capable of dissolving more solute (under certain conditions).
• Saturation: saturation is the point at which a solvent can dissolve no more of a solute and additional amounts of solute will appear as a precipitate.
• Supersaturation: To cause a solution to have more solute dissolved in the solvent than it can stably contain (under certain conditions).