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Solidification/Stabilization
NEWMOA Presentation
Rajesh (Raj) Singh, P.E.
Kleinfelder, Exton, PA
April, 2015
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Presentation Outline
Technology Overview
Performance of S/S Treated Material
Treatability Testing
Implementation
Long-Term Stewardship
Q &A
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Solidification/Stabilization
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ITRC S/S Survey – S/S
Inconsistent criteria for development ofperformance specifications
Uncertainties associated with prediction oflong-term performance
Lack of methodologies for measure of long-term compliance
* ITRC is a state-led national coalition dedicated to reduce barriers to the useof innovative environmental technologies that reduce compliance costs andmaximize cleanup efficacy.
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Solidification/Stabilization (S/S)
Solidification• Entrap contaminants within a solid matrix
• Coating of contaminant molecule
• Organics are generally immobilized due to reducedhydraulic conductivity
Stabilization• Bind or complex contaminants
• May involve chemical transformation
• Metallic contaminants are stabilized by precipitation or byinteraction (e.g. sorption) with cement matrix
Example: LeadPb(HCO3)2+CaSO4.2H2OPbSO4 (s)+ CaCO3 +3H2O +CO2
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Cement-Based S/S Technology
Solidification
Process forms a granular or monolithic solid that incorporates thewaste material
A solid matrix, calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) is formed in presence ofwater
Cement Hydration Reaction (Thomas, 2004):
xCaSiO + yH2O → xCaO.ySiO.zH2O + wCa(OH)2 + HeatCalcium Water Calcium Silicate Hydrate LimeSilicates (C-S-H)
– Reduces mobility of chemicals of concern– Increases strength– Reduces permeability– Minimizes free liquid
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S/S Technology Process
Before S/S
SolidifiedColumns
Contaminants
Source ZoneFootprint
WaterTable
LowHydraulicConductivitySoil
Bedrock
GroundwaterFlow Direction
After S/S
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S/S Transformation of Waste Material
S/S Treatment
Strength
Hydraulic Cond.
Leachability
Oily Untreated Soil S/S Treated Soil
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Retention of Contaminants in S/SMaterials
S/S remedy does not remove contaminants
Chemically and physically retained in materialwith improved characteristics
• Inorganic Contaminants Stabilized by alkalinity
Adsorbed to mineral surfaces
Incorporated into mineral structure
• Organic Contaminants Partitioned with solid organic phases
Adsorbed to mineral surfaces
Absorbed by certain additives
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MAECTITE®
Proprietary Process uses Apatite (phosphate)andsulfate for S/S
Apatite (Calcium Phosphate) is natural mineralcontaining high level of phosphate and can be usedfor S/S of metals – crystalline and low solubility
Apatite - Ca10-xNax(PO4)6-x(CO3)x(OH)2
Apatite II – fish bone waste - Soluble phosphateinduced metal stabilization - hydroxyapatite andmixed-apatite-barite minerals
End product is hard mineral that is resistant to acidityand degradation.
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S/S Technology Challenges
Contaminants are not destroyed or removed
Uncertainties associated with prediction of long-termperformance
Volume increases in the treated mass may requiremanagement
S/S column
Options for treatment or post-treatment modifications limited
Requires removal of debris orunderground obstructions priorto treatment
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S/S Technology Advantages
Effective in treating manycontaminants
Applicable for in situ or exsitu treatment
Treatment period relativelyshort
Can improve structuralproperty of soil
Can be applied in dry or wetconditions
May be more cost-effectivethan off-site disposal
Former manufactured gas plant (MGP)site in Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Applicability to Organics Contaminants
Contaminants EPA 1993/2009 Other Refs
Halogenated VOCs, Non-Halogenated VOCs (i.e. solvents,aromatics)
No documentedeffectiveness
Pre-treatvolatiles
HSVOCs, N-HSVOCs (i.e.chlorinated benzenes, PAHs)
Documentedeffectiveness
Pre-treatvolatiles
PCBs, Pesticides Documentedeffectiveness(in 2009 document)
Dioxins/Furans Potential effectiveness Demonstratedeffectiveness
Organic Cyanides, OrganicCorrosives
Potential effectiveness* Demonstratedeffectiveness
Pentachlorophenol, Creosotes,Coal Tar, Heavy Oils
Not evaluated Demonstratedeffectiveness
ITRC S/S-1: Table 2-1. Documented Effectiveness of S/S Treatment Chemical Groups
* effectiveness not evaluated in EPA for 2009, therefore assumed to be same as 1993 evaluation
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Applicability to InorganicContaminants
Contaminants EPA 1993/2009 Other Refs
Volatile and Non-Volatile Metals Documented effectiveness
Asbestos Documented effectiveness*
Radioactive Materials Documented effectiveness*
Inorganic Corrosives, InorganicCyanides, Mercury
Documented effectiveness*
Oxidizers, Reducers Documented effectiveness*
* effectiveness not evaluated in EPA for 2009, therefore assumed to be same as 1993 evaluation
ITRC S/S-1: Table 2-1. Documented Effectiveness of S/S Treatment Chemical Groups
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1. Ferrous sulfate, sulfides, sodium metabisulfite,calcium polysulfide, sodium hydrosulfite, ferrouschloride, phosphoric acid, triple super phosphate
2. Lime, Portland cement, soda ash, fly ash, sodiumhydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, blast furnaceslag
3. Soluble silicates (sodium or potassium)
4. Clays, organophilic clays, bentonite
5. Activated carbon, zeolitic materials
Commonly Used Additives/Reagents
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Three Key Performance Parameters
Strength
• Increased strength – withstand overlying loads
Hydraulic Conductivity
• Reduce Hydraulic Conductivity – manage waterexposure
Leachability
• Reduce contaminant solubility/leaching – retaincontaminants
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Why is Relative HydraulicConductivity Important?
KS/S << KsoilKS/S ~ Ksoil
• Water percolates through material
• Continuous pore area exposed
• Release concentrations based onLiquid-Solid Partitioning (localequilibrium)
groundwater
contaminants leachat equilibriumconcentrationgroundwater
contaminants transferacross external
surface area
• Water is diverted around material
• Exposed surface area limited toexternal surface
• Contaminant release rate controlledby Rate of Mass Transfer
Contaminant release under equilibrium conditions willalways be greater than under mass transfer conditions.
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Leaching Assessment Tests
• TCLP – Method 1213, Ground, Acid, RCRACharacteristics, Landfill Disposal, Equilibrium Controlled
• SPLP – Method 1312, Ground, Acid Rain, Acceptablefor ISS, Equilibrium Controlled
• ANS 16.1 – Whole, Water, Nuclear Waste, Up to 90days, Diffusion Controlled
• LEAF Methods - EPA Method 1315 – Similar to ANS16.1, DI Water, Inorganics/Organics, DiffusionControlled, Draft ASTM method.
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Leaching Environmental AssessmentFramework (LEAF)
LEAF consists of:• Four leaching test methods
• Data management tools
• Assessment approaches
Provides a material-specific “source term” for release
• Demonstration of treatment effectiveness
• Release estimation
• Fate and transport modeling
Leaching tests define characteristic leaching overa broad range of release-controlling factors
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LEAF Test Methods
Method 1313 – Liquid-Solid Partitioning as a Function ofEluate pH using a Parallel Batch Procedure
Method 1314 – Liquid-Solid Partitioning as a Function ofLiquid-Solid Ratio (L/S) using an Up-flowPercolation Column Procedure
Method 1315 – Mass Transfer Rates in Monolithic andCompacted Granular Materials using aSemi-dynamic Tank Leaching Procedure
Method 1316 – Liquid-Solid Partitioning as a Function ofLiquid-Solid Ratio using a Parallel BatchProcedure
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Factors Influencing S/S MaterialLeaching Performance
Leaching Factors Equilibrium or Mass Transport pH Liquid-to-solid ratio Rates of mass transport (flux)
Physical Factors Strength (durability) Hydraulic conductivity
(water contact)
Physical Degradation(Erosion, Cracking)
MoistureTransport
Water,Acids,Chelants,DOC
LeachantComposition
0.000010.00010.001
0.010.1
110
1001,000
6 8 10 12 14
pH
Meta
l(m
mo
l/L
)
Pb
Zn
CdCuNi
Co
Chemical Degradation(Sulfate, Carbonation)
1.E-12
1.E-11
1.E-10
1.E-09
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Leaching Time (days)
Flu
x(m
g/m
2s
)
Ref – ITRC Development of Performance Specifications for S/S
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Treatability Studies Objectives
Develop S/S formulation to meet project objectives
Determine impact of selected reagents oncontaminants
Optimize the reagents/admixtures dosages
Assess contaminant emissions
Finalize material handling criteria
Determine physical and chemical uniformity of thematerial
Determine the volume increase
Finalize construction parameters and performancecriteria
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Bench and Pilot-Scale TreatabilityTesting
Bench-scale– provides important information
Pilot-scale – confirms the full-scale approach
Selection of candidate reagents requiresknowledge of:• Process track record
• Interference and chemical incompatibilities
• Metals chemistry
• Compatibility with disposal or re-use
• Cost
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Bench-Scale Laboratory Testing
Untreated Sample in the Field
S/S SedimentSample
SampleCharacterization
Sample Collection
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Treatability Testing EvaluationKey PerformanceParameter
PerformanceMeasurement
Example Criteria
StrengthUnconfinedCompressive Strength
344.7 kN/m2 (50 psi) to689.4 kN/m2 (100 psi)
HydraulicConductivity
Hydraulic Conductivity5x10-6 to 1x10-6 cm/sec(relative K)
Leachability
Site conceptual model
Remedial goals
Risk-based limits
% leaching reduction
MCL or other goals
Point of compliance
* With promulgation of
LEAF Tests, thesevalues will need to bebased on data availablefrom testing.
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Implementation
Performance verification during implementation
Sampling and testing considerations
Test data evaluation
Long-term performance considerations
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In-Situ Mixing System
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Documenting Mix Cells and Test Data
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Long-Term Stewardship
Long-Term Durability
Groundwater Monitoring
Institutional and Engineering Controls
Land Use
Community Concerns
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Long-Term S/S Performance
Properly designed S/S remedies can be expectedto last on the order of decades to centuries.Success tied to remedial goals!
Research studies have been conducted to evaluatethe long-term performance of S/S remedies.• PASSiFy project
• EPRI study
• Other literatures
EPA has used S/S effectively on many sites.
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Long-Term Performance AssessmentStudies – PASSiFy
Performance Assessment of Solidified/Stabilized WasteForms – PASSiFy, 2010, Largest Study
Ten ISS sites (1989 – 2004) in 3 countries - USA, UK,and France
Strength, permeability, leaching, microstructureinvestigation, modeling, MINTEQ, etc.
Properties of the treated material typically did notchange significantly
Continue to meet the original remedial goals
Affirms the viability of S/S as an effective long-termtreatment technology.
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Long-Term Performance AssessmentStudies – EPRI Study
Evaluation at a former MGP site 10 years after S/Simplementation
Testing - geotechnical, chemical, leaching, and solid-phase geochemical analyses, F &T modeling.
Treated contaminated material was meeting theperformance criteria as designed
Contaminant concentrations at point of compliancewere predicted to continue meeting performancecriteria for at least 10,000 years
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Key Points
S/S treatment has demonstrated long-termeffectiveness for a number of contaminants
Performance specifications - critical for S/S
Treatability studies assess S/S treatmentfeasibility
QA/QC, consistency, and compliance testingduring implementation
Long-term stewardship typically used with S/S
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Key Points
ISS is a permanent remedy
ISS reduces potential risk of groundwaterimpact
ISS eliminates direct contact risk
ISS supports future use of the site
Typical cost of ISS ranges from $65 to $110
(including dewatering)
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References/Resources
http://www.clu-in.org/conf/itrc/SS/resource.cfm
Review of scientific literature on the use ofstabilisation/solidification for the treatment ofcontaminated soil, solid waste and sludges,https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/290656/scho0904bifp-e-e.pdf
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THANK YOU
QUESTIONS