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SOLAR ENERGY PRODUCTS
APPRECIATION COURSE
JULY 2019
By Norman Chege,
Solar Group Manager
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SOLAR ENERGY PRINCIPLES
Energy emitted by the sun
Measure in watts/m2, at standard testing
conditions max solar irradiance = 1000w/m2
Converted to thermal (e.g solar water
heaters) and electrical (e.g. Photovoltaic
modules) energy
Energy optimised by tracking sun’s E-W axis
Varies throughout day and year
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SOLAR ENERGY BASICS
3
Solar Energy
Thermal Energy Electric Energy
Solar Hot Water
SystemsSolar Power
And Lighting
Systems
Solar Water
Pumping
Systems
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Basic Components of PV System
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• PV applications
–Household appliances such as, televisions, radios, laptops, stereos, etc.
–Water pumping for small-scale remote irrigation, stock watering, residential uses and remote villages.
–Lighting for residential needs, billboards, security, highway signs, streets and parking lots, pathways, remote villages and schools.
–Communications by remote relay stations, emergency radios, orbiting satellites, and cellular telephones;
–Refrigeration for medical and recreational uses;
–Utility grids that produce utility- or commercial-scale electricity.
• Benefits of PV:
–portability,
–reliability,
–low operating costs,
–low environmental impact,
–stand-alone capability,
–modularity
–safety
–versatility
–ease of installation
PV APPLICATIONS AND BENEFITS
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Types of PV Systems:
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ON & OFF GRID PV SYSTEMS
1. OFF-GRID PV SYSTEM
These systems generate and store energy
ensuring continuous supply of energy to
loads. Also known as standalone systems.
2. ON-GRID PV SYSTEM
A grid-tied PV power system is
an electricity generating solar PV power
system that is tied to the utility grid.
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Definition
An off-grid solar PV system is an electricity generator
that is deployed to locations not fitted with utility grid
distribution system. The system has three main
elements:
1. Generation – solar panels
2. Storage - batteries
3. Power inversion – charge controllers, inverters
D&S 2020 – Resourcing for the Future
OFF GRID PV SYSTEMS
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DC coupled systems
D&S 2020 – Resourcing for the Future
Features
1. The point of connection is on the DC side.
2. The flow path is DC
3. Ideal for small systems
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OFF GRID PV SYSTEMS
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PV OFF GRID PROJECTS
12KW solar lighting system in Turkana, Wamba Girls High
School
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Definition
A grid-tied PV power system is an
electricity generating solar PV power system that is tied
to the utility grid. A grid-tied PV system consists of solar
panels, one or several inverters, a power conditioning
unit and grid connection equipment.
D&S 2020 – Resourcing for the Future
ON GRID POWER
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ON GRID POWER
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GRID TIE SOLUTIONSSolar power feeds into the
distribution box in the
house in series with grid
power.
System needs grid power
to provide reference
voltage for the inverter to
start up.
System only works in
sunshine.
Solar power is prioritized
for consumption by the
loads.
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Operation principle
The grid inverter works:
When there is a voltage signal ie. from
the grid. It then produces a similar
signal.
It ramps up the voltage w.r.t. the grid-
power from this inverter has higher
potential thus utilized first.
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String inverter
e.g. “SMA Sunny Boy“
AC load
PV
AC-bus
ON GRID SYSTEMS
PV
Grid power
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OPERATION PRINCIPLE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gZIZqVKSyzk
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SYSTEM LAYOUT
D&S 2020 – Resourcing for the Future
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AC coupled systems –Grid Connect
D&S 2020 – Resourcing for the Future
Features
1. The point of connection is on the AC side
2. The solar inverter can handle high voltages
>600Vdc
3. Very efficient for daytime loads.
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String inverter
e.g. “SMA Sunny Boy“
AC load
PV
Solar battery
AC-bus
Bidirectional battery
inverter
e.g. “SMA Sunny Island“
OFF GRID PV SYSTEMS
PV
Battery Bank
Back up
Generator
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SMA GRID TIED SYSTEM WITH BATTERY BACK-UP
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Off grid system animation
Simulation of an off-grid system.
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100kW UNHCR KAKUMA PV POWER PLANT
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SMA SOLAR TECHNOLOGY AG
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SMA HAS A MODERN AND COMPLETE PORTFOLIO FOR ALL SEGMENTS
2
7
RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL UTILITY OFF-GRID & STORAGE
Remote
Service
System
Check
Extended
Warranty
STP 5000-12000
SUNNY HOME
MANAGER
SMA
ENERGY
METER
SUNNY
PLACES
MLPE
SB 3000-5000
SERVICE
CommissioningExtended
Warranty
Preventive
Maintenance
Supplementary
Services
SUNNY CENTRAL
STORAGE 500/1000
SUNNY CENTRAL
STORAGE 2200/2500
SUNNY HOME
MANAGER
SMA
ENERGY
METER
SUNNY BOY
STORAGE
SUNNY ISLAND
6.0/8.0HSUNNY ISLAND
3.0/4.4M
SB 1.5/2.5
6/12/36x MULTICLUST
ER-
BOX 6/1236
FUEL SAVE
CONTROLLER
Commissioning Extended
WarrantyOperation &
Maintenance
Upgrade
STP 20000TL/
25000TL
STP
15000TL
STP 75
STP CORE 1
SUNNY
DESIGN
SUNNY
PORTAL
SMA
INVERTER
MANAGER
SMA INVERTER
MANAGER
SMA
CLUSTER
CONTROLLE
R
STP MV
STATION
STORAGE SOLUTION COMMERCIAL
+
SUNNY
CENTRAL
2.2/2.5 MW
STP 12-30 kW,
IEC and US
SUNNY
TRIPOWER
75
STP MV
STATION
GPM SCADA and
Monitoring solutions
Siemens gird connections on
High- and Medium Voltage
level
MV POWER
STATION
MV
BLOCK
SMA String
Combiner/Monitor
SMA Power
Plant Controller
SUNNY
CENTRAL
CP XT
SUNNY
CENTRAL
CP-JP
SUNNY CENTRAL-
US 1.85/2.2/2.5 MV
SUNNY
CENTRAL
STORAGE
Commissioning Extended
WarrantyOperation &
Maintenance
Preventive
Maintenance
SMA Company Presentation
STP 5000-12000
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SMA HYBRID SOLUTIONS
Residential hybrid energy solutions for residential
consumers with weak or non-existing grid structure
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SMA GRID TIED INVERTERS
1. Sunny Boy Series: SB2500 – SB5000
(2.5kW – 5.0kW) – single phase
Features:
– Easy installation
– Easy setup to on/off grid mode
– Multiple MPPT capability (depending on model)
– Plant monitoring capable via RS485/Bluetooth
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SMA GRID TIE INVERTERS
1. Sunny Tri – Power: STP5000TL –
STP25,000TL (5kW – 25kW) – 3 phase
Features:
– Easy installation
– Easy setup to on/off grid mode
– Multiple MPPT capability (depending on
model)
– Plant monitoring capable via
RS485/Bluetooth
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SMA HYBRID SOLUTIONS
Industrial hybrid energy solutions for industrial
consumers with weak or non-existing grid structure
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SMA GRID TIE INVERTERS
Scalability
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SMA GRID TIE INVERTERS
SMA Solar
Technology AG
Scalability
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SMA Solar Technology AG
SUNNY TRIPOWER CORE1
Stands on its own
SMA COMMERCIAL
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Ideally suited for all commercial applicationsROOFTOP CARPORT GROUND MOUNT
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CONTROL AND MONITORINGSMA provides various methods to
monitor and control the status of
your plant in the comfort of your
office/home.
Various equipment for this
purpose are:
- SMA Home Manager
- SMA Cluster Controller
-SMA DATA Manager M Powered
BY ENNEXOS
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Sizing grid tied PV systems
D&S 2020 – Resourcing for the Future
Crucial aspects to obtain:
1. Available PV mounting
space
2. Facility load assessment
3. Quota of self-sufficiency
required
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Base load
CALCULATING INTERNAL CONSUMPTION
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Facility load assessment
1. Log data using an energy meter for an adequate period
2. Determine all loads connected to the supply
3. Audit integrity of existing local grid
D&S 2020 – Resourcing for the Future
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
kVA
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System design
D&S 2020 – Resourcing for the Future
https://www.sunnydesignweb.com
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Standard BoQ
D&S 2020 – Resourcing for the Future
ITEM DESCRIPTION
Solar panels Yingli 300W solar panel
Panel mounting structure Aluminium roof mount structure
PV inverter SMA Tripower 20000TL-30
AC service box Dayliff AC switch box
Solar cables 6sqmm solar cable
AC cables 5C x 10sqmm flex cable
Communication cables Cat 6 ready
Monitoring system SMA Home Manager
Internet connectivity devices Router/Modem set up
Installation labour Mobilization, Installation etc.
Installation accessories Conduits, Trays etc.
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Why grid-tied systems?1. Reduced energy overheads
2. Ensured energy security
3. Easily scalable over time (modular in nature)
4. Increased building/premises value
5. Reduced carbon footprints
6. Will readily adapt into the future grids – distributed
generation*
7. Energy influences the status of a nation*
8. Grid parity – solar is becoming a competitive generation
resource w.r.t. to the utility grid
D&S 2020 – Resourcing for the Future
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Opportunities
1.Industries,
2.Institutions,
3.Office blocks,
4.service stations,
5.tourism,
D&S 2020 – Resourcing for the Future
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Solarization of Petrol Stations for Total Kenya
44
• D&S recently contracted by
Total Kenya to review solar
designs from different market
players for the suitability in the
installation and solarization of
several Total Petrol stations in
Nairobi and its environs.
• D&S scope included the Design,
Review and Supervision of Solar
Grid Connect solutions to 20No.
Total Kenya Petrol Stations in
Nairobi and its environs and
10No. in Navaisha and Nakuru.
On going project in Kenya and Uganda
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BURHANI MOSQUE 50KW GRID TIE SYSTEM
45
Commisioned on 8th
July 2019
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POWER BACKUP SYSTEMS
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OPTI
Inverter/Charger
Change
Over switch
AVS
POWER BACKUP SYSTEMS
Batteries
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OPTI HYBRID INVERTER/CHARGERS Pure sine wave power output
Less than 10ms transfer time
from mains
efficiency of 93%
Built in AC charger and PV solar
charger suitable charging
Overload and short circuit
protection
LED monitoring panel and
audible alarm
Remote system monitoring
facility
Suitable for parallel connection
capability (Efecto only)
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VICTRON POWER BACK-UP INVERTER/CHARGERS
A premium “European Quality” range inverter
suitable for off grid applications, for solar systems
or for high specification power back-up systems
Low frequency super robust Toroid Transformer
Fully automatic mains/inverter changeover in less
than 5 milliseconds.
In addition to parallel connection, three units of the
same model can be configured for three phase
output
Available Range 0.8kW – 10kW
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ADVANTAGES OF POWER BACK-UP SYSTEMS
Standby power in event of mains power failure
Alternative to a generator
Instantaneous & automatic changeover when
the mains power fails
Totally silent and non-polluting operation
Very low running costs – just the power to
charge a battery
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SOLAR HOT WATER SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY
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Operating Principle
A solar collector heats water
which is stored in a close coupled
tank. Heating process enhanced
by ‘thermosyphon principle’ which
occurs when there is a
temperature differential in the
system
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SOLAR HOT WATERSYSTEMS
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HOT WATER DEMAND
CALCULATIONS
Type of Building Premises
Specific Daily Hot Water
Demans (DHWD) in Litres
per day at 60 ºC
Domestic residential houses 30 per person
Educational Institutions such as colleges and
borading schools 5 per student
Health Insitutions such as Hospitals, Health
Centres, Clinics and similar medical facilities 50 per bed
Hotels, Hostels, Lodges and similar premises
providing boarding services 40 per bed
Restuarants, Cafeterias and similar eating
places 5 per meal
Laundries 5 per kilo of clothe
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DIRECT SOLAR SWH SYSTEM
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INDIRECT SOLAR HOT WATER
Technical information: Internal coating: Glazed enamel
Cathodic protection: By Mg Anode
bar
Insulation: Direct-injected
monoblock Polyurethane hard foam.
Solar heating liquid - Glycol
Flat Roof or Tiled roof type
mounting set
Three different models:
• 150Litres
• 200Litres
• 300Litres
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VACUUM TUBE SOLAR HOT WATER
Vacuum Tube SHW systems are the most
efficient water heating systems available
Solar energy is captured in the vacuum
sealed glass tube, quickly heating the water
in the copper heat pipe
The heated water rises to the top of the pipe
and collects in the tank.
Capacity: Hot water 200litres
Vacuum tubes: 20pieces
Mounting: Flat roof mounting set
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HEAT PIPE SOLAR HOT WATER
They are of vacuum glass design and are
suitable for pressurized systems
They feature a series of heat pipes, with
purified water, sealed within vacuum glass
tube
Heavy duty stainless steel tank
Nickel coated silver shinning heat pipe with
temperature range of -40oC to 300oC
Galvanized mounting frame
Available in 150L, 200L & 300L
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COMMERCIAL SOLAR HOT
WATER SYSTEMS
Available in:
1,000L
1500L
2000L
Domestic Vertical SWD
Available in:
300L
400L
500L
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COMMERCIAL SOLAR HOT
WATER• Long life free standing
tanks
• magnesium anode-rod
protection
• High performance
circulator pump
• advanced programmable
controller
Commercial Solar Water Heaters
Available in 1,000L , 1500L , 2000L
Domestic Vertical Solar Hot Water Heaters
Available in 150L, 200L, 350L & 500L
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TDC CONTROLLER
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Huge Energy Savings – Payback of less
than 2years
Uses abundant free solar energy
Abundant Hot Water – 24 hours a day
Huge Environmental benefits
Long lifespan – over 20years
Maintenance-free System
ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR HOT WATER SYSTEMS
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Installation of
252No. 300L
Systems
SUCCESSFUL SWD PROJECTS
Freedom Heights is a unique and luxurious
apartments and mall along Langata Rd
opposite carnivore entrance
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KCB Leadership Center,
Karen:
8,000Litres Solar Hot
Water Installation
SUCCESSFUL SWD PROJECTS
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SOLAR WATER PUMPING SYSTEMS
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SOLAR BASED WATER PUMPING SYSTEMS
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• With the continued reduction in PV module prices and also advances in solar pumping technology, solar pumping has become the default solution for water supply in rural areas and D&S is the industry leader offering a comprehensive range of products for all solar pumping applications.
SOLAR WATER PUMPING
SOLAR WATER PUMPING-
CHEAPER, CLEANER, SUSTAINABLE
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ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR PUMPS
Why Solar Pumping?Lower Total Cost of OwnershipHigher reliability & Life expectancyFast & Simple Installation Shorter Return of Investment CycleAlmost Maintenance FreeEcologically SustainableCan be used even in Remote AreasOperate Quietly (as compared to diesel generators)
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Key components
Key components
– Pump
– Solar Generator
– Controller
– Water storage
– Water distribution
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Important concepts
Water per day
– Total water requirement for
the application
– Pump water during daylight
hours
Store water not electricity
– Make water available when
needed
– Simple and efficient
Basic terms and calculations
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SOLAR WATER PUMPING SOLUTIONS
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DC- SOLAR PUMPING
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SUNFLO A
DC SOLAR SUBMERSIBLE PUMP• Rotary screw design, stainless steel with rubber stator
• Features in-built controller
• Motor: Permanent Magnet, oil filled, brushless, DC
Motor
• Power by solar array, sized appr. 130% of the rated
motor power
• Three Models
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SUNFLO B
DC SOLAR SUBMERSIBLE PUMP• Centrifugal and Rotary screw design
• Rotary screw design, stainless steel with rubber
stator
• Centrifugal design features noryl impellers and
stainless steel chambers
• MPPT controller, with or without batteries
• Permanent Magnet, oil filled, brushless, DC Motor
• Three Models
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SUNFLO X
DC SOLAR SUBMERSIBLE PUMP• Borehole applications
• Pump are stainless steel, and helical rotor type
are supplied with spare rotor
• Features a surface mounted MPPT controller
• Permanent Magnet, brushless high efficiency
DC Motor with integrated electronics
• Three Models
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DSOLAR-A SOLAR PUMPING KIT
DSOLAR-A is supplied with a low-level floatswitch for dry-run
protection. Features in-built controller
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DSOLAR-A SOLAR PUMPING KITS
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Kapenguria
SUCCESSFUL PROJECTS
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AC- SOLAR PUMPING
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AC 3-PHASE CONTROLLER LAYOUT
Controller layout Schematic
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12/07/2019
This Shows a Typical
Installation Using
RSI/Lorentz Inverter,
water storage tank
and level switch to
control start/stop.
Equipment with DC
disconnect Switch
and surge protection
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Various sizes of controllers; 1.5kVA – 40kVA
MPPT technology
Automatic Digital control, data storage
• Settable min & max speed
• Protection for overcurrent, under voltage
overspeed, over temp.
• Inputs for dry running
protection
• Automatic reset
AC PUMP SYSTEMS
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SUNVETER 2 AC SOLAR PUMP CONTROLLERS
Sizes, 1phase 0.75kW – 4kW
3phase 5.5kW – 37kW
MPPT Voltage: 530-600VDC
Max DC Input Voltage 750VDC
Output frequency 0-60Hz.
Sunverter 2 available with
Hybrid Capability and
remote monitoring
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PS Communicator
REMOTE MONITORING
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REMOTE MONITORING BENEFITS
• 24/7 monitoring
• Completely wireless – anywhere on earth
• Recording of pump parameters - Real time & historical
• Remote configuration & programing – time saving
• Alerts via email and SMS in the event of a system problem - before they threaten production
• Long term measurements
• Improve water availability, delivery, regulation and analysis
• If you can't measure it you can't manage it.
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Community Water Supply, IFO CAMP
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D&S designed 5No. LORENTZ
PS40K2 systems and 1No.
LORENTZ PS21K2 to provide
1,053m³/day
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KRCS – Community Water Supply
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52kWp SOLAR ARRAY
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ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR PUMPS
Why Solar Pumping?Lower Total Cost of OwnershipHigher reliability & Life expectancyFast & Simple Installation Shorter Return of Investment CycleAlmost Maintenance FreeEcologically SustainableCan be used even in Remote AreasOperate Quietly (as compared to diesel generators)
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Questions?