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Soil Organic MatterIts Characteristics and Roles in
Agricultural Environments
Kiyoshi Tsutsukihttp://timetraveler.html.xdomain.jp
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Wise-being in the forest told ….
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Homo ab Humo• Human was born from a rich soil
containing large amount of
• Human – Humus – HumidityThere is a profound connection between human, humus, and humidity.
• Sleeping mind of human “Terra as the mother”
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Genesis 3.19 – Old Testament
• You were made from soil, and you will become soil again.
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Do you feel soil dirty?
Take a clod of soil into your hand, watch and smell it.
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We will be relieved by such soils:
• Black soil• Soft soil• Good smelling soil• Soil in which small worms are living
Such soils contain a suitable amount of organic matter.
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Soil breeds life.
Evidence for this fact is
Soil Organic Matter.
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) 142 08 643
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429 ,7 ,54
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Change in ambient CO2
�Ice-core data of antarctics�
What will occur further?
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70% of the biologists consider that the mass extinction is occurring presently.
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5 7 81092 76 06 9 276
22
7 1 8740
5 7
4 3
Increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration
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Distribution of carbon on the earth
Organic matter in soil and vegetaion decreased
remarkably due to civilization.
No. 1
Soil AirPlant Biomass
Pre-historicPresent
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Humic substance is
• The most abundant organic matter on the earth surface. As carbon amount
1500 Gt (109 t, 1012 kg)• 3 times more abundant than plant
biomass• 2 times more abundant than CO2
2100 Gt of humus carbon in pre-historic age.
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Nitrogen on the earth: Location and stock size.
Location of occurrence 106 tAtmosphere 3.9 � 109
Terrestrial Plants 15 � 103
Animals 0.2 � 103
Soil organic matter 150 � 103
Ocean Plants & animals 0.5 � 103
Sea water and sediments 1200 � 103
Nitrate – N in the above 570 � 103
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Phosphorus on the earth: Location and stock
size.
Location of occurrence 106 tTerrestrial biota 2.6 � 103
Phosphor mineral 19 � 103
Soil 96�160 � 103
Fresh water 0.090 � 103
Marine Biota 0.05�0.12 � 103
Soluble inorganic P 80 � 103
Sediments 840,000 � 103
����2����� Soil is the largest pool of stocks both for N and P.
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Biomass production and respiration/ combustion on the earth�109 t/year)
Biomass production CO2 formationPlant 500 34.5Animal 0.5 4.1Human 0.1 0.7Microbes 1.0 112Wild fire 6.9Volcano 0.15Factory 15Total 502 173.5
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Factors Increase rare of CO2carbon
Gt (109 t)/year
Fossil fuel combustion
7
Land use change
2.2
Emission of CO2 due to human activity
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Land-use changeForest clearingSlush and burn
Grassland to upland field
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Large amount of gas is emitted from soil surfaceCO2, CH4, N2O, H2O
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World energy consumption (2003)Source Consumption (petroleum
equivalent 108 tons)
Petroleum ����
���Natural gas ����
Coal ���
Atomic �������
Hydraulic ���
CO2emission
heat emission
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Energy consumption per capita• World 1.7 ton annually
(petroleum equivalent)• Japan 4.1 ton annually• USA 8.0 ton annually• Human activity causes the increase in
atmospheric CO2 concentration.• Plant and soil absorb CO2.
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Wind-break forest soil Adjacent upland field soil
Volcanic ash soil profile in the adjacent forest and upland field.
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)
(
%
% ( )
��(cm)
)
(
%
��(cm)
������������ �����������
��� � �� �
��� ����Dry soil area Wet soil area
uncultivated cultivated
Change in carbon contents of volcanic ash soil profiles in uncultivated and cultivated sites.
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5
51
8
2
06
/
4
Humid tropics
Temperate zone
Boreal zone
Frigid zoneDesert
Supply and storage of carbon in soil
Carbon storage
Car
bon
supp
ly to
soil
1012
kg/y
ear
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Litter supply and SOM accumulationLi
tter s
uppl
y (L
)
Soil organic matter accumulation (Xss)
Tropical, subtropical rain forest
Large sized arthropods, earthworms
Savanna, termitesGrassland, steppe
Arthropods, earthworms
Deciduous broad-leaved forestArthropods, earthworms
Conifer forest
Small arthropodsTundra, forest and wetlandEnchytraeina, lava of fliesDesert, dry steppe
Tundra
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Primary forest in Baybay, Leyte
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Primary forest soil profile in Baybay, Leyte
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Factors affecting SOM accumulation� temperature and moisture content of soil
Aerobic upland soilAnaerobic flooded soil
Organic matter production by plantOrganic matter decomposition in aerobic soilOrganic matter decomposition in anaerobic soil
Am
ount
of o
rgan
ic m
atte
r
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