Download - Soctec 2 Module 1
Development
Economic growth Increased productivity Modernization Westernization Urbanization Industrialization
However, growth-oriented development…
Failed to “trickle down” to the poor
Created a form of “dependency” by the poor on the rich
Led to environmental destruction
Promoted gender inequality
Displaced indigenous cultures
Alternative Models of Development
Human development Sustainable
development
Human Development
Material development +
Political empowerment Spiritual development
Sustainable Development
Environmentally sound Culturally appropriate Gender equal
Development, Science and Technology
Development is a process of social change
Science and Technology play a significant role in the process
Theories of Social and Technical Change
Techno-determinism Structural Functionalism Historical Materialism
Techno-Determinism
Technology is the main driver for social change
The universal application of technology has led to industrialization
Technology caused significant changes in the economy, politics and culture of human societies
Structural Functionalism
Social change is an evolutionary process
Change is viewed as gradual and incremental
The ideal state is characterized by balance and harmony
Conflict is seen as dysfunctional and abnormal
High Mass Consumption
Drive towardsMaturity
Take-Off
Preparation forTake-Off
Traditional Societies
PrimitiveTechnologies,
Spiritual Worldviews
Progress inScientific
Knowledge andTechnology
Pre-Industrial Stage
Industrial Stage
Post-Industrial Stage
Historical Materialism
Dynamic view of society Conflict and contradiction is
what drives change The historical development
of society is driven by the contradiction between social forces at a given time.
The resolution, or synthesis, of such conflict paves the way for the emergence of a new period
Mode of Production
DominantSocial ClassLoses control
Of technology
Society isorganized in relation to
the conversion ofnature into products
and commodities(Social classes)
NewMode of Production
Technology(Forces of Production)
Controlled by theruling class
DevelopmentsIn technology
ClassConflict
(Revolution)
Feudalism
The CapitalistClass
Emerge;Landlords loses
control ofdominant
technologyThe production process
Is land-based;Landlords versusPeasants in which
Land-owners controlthe production process
Capitalism
AgriculturalTechnologiesControlled by
landlords
DevelopmentOf
IndustrialTechnology
ClassConflict
(Revolution)
Development Processes vis-à-vis Science and Technology
Modernization Development of the
modern state and its attendant bureaucratic organizations
Development of a capitalist economy
Globalization
Modernization
A process of social change Society moves from a
primitive state towards an advanced and modern state
Movement is unidirectional It is desirable since it
implies progress, humanity and civilization
Not revolutionary but evolutionary – a slow, gradual and piecemeal process
Characteristics of the Modernization Process…
Phased—comes in stages Homogenizing—tends to
unify different political, cultural, economic and social systems into a single system
Europeanization (or Westernization)—follows the European or Western models and patterns of social change
Irreversible—a system cannot go back to its original state once modernization ensues
… Characteristics of the Modernization Process
Progressive—from backward to advanced states
Lengthy—takes a long time Systematic—follows a
distinct pattern Transformative—transforms
societies from one state of existence to another
Immanent—inevitable
Characteristics of Relatively Non-Modernized Societies
Low degree of specialization High level of self-sufficiency Cultural norms of tradition,
particularism and functional diffuseness
Relatively low emphasis on money circulation and market
Family norms such as nepotism are prevalent
One-way flow of goods and services from rural to urban areas
Characteristics of Relatively Modernized Societies High degree of specialization and
interdependency of organizations Cultural norms of rationality,
universalism and functional specificity
High degree of centralization Relatively more emphasis on
money circulation and market Emphasis on bureaucratic
organizations Two-way flow of goods and
services between towns and villages
Relatively Non-Modern
Societies
Relatively Modern Societies
Low degree of specialization High degree of specialization and interdependency of organizations
High level of self-sufficiency Cultural norms of rationality, universalism and functional specificity
Cultural norms of tradition, particularism and functional diffuseness
High degree of centralization
Relatively low emphasis on money circulation and market
Relatively more emphasis on money circulation and market
Family norms such as nepotism are prevalent
Emphasis on bureaucratic organizations
One-way flow of goods and services from rural to urban areas
Two-way flow of goods and services between towns and villages
Role of S and T in Modernization
S and T are already present in “relatively non-modern” societies
Modernization is enabled by advances in S and T
Modernization also enables advances in S and T
Political Modernization
Development and emergence of the state and the bureaucracy
Associated with social and cultural modernization
Involved the differentiation of political structures
Secularization of political culture
Entrenched the ethos of equality as a political ideal
Enhanced the capacity of a society’s political system
The Modern State An outcome of the increasing scale
or coverage of a political system, and its ability to implement its decisions
Able to perform tasks through bureaucratic organizations that are able to penetrate, govern and regulate the conduct of citizens
Acquired the capacity to aggregate the interests of various political groups
Institutionalized political structures and processes that strengthen the capacity for problem-solving
Sustained the emergence of new political demands and organizations
Crises of State-Building
The crisis of national identity The crisis of political legitimacy The crisis of penetration The crisis of citizen participation The crisis of integrating the
interests of various political groups
The crisis of distribution emanating from the inability of the state to bring about economic growth, and its failure to distribute the benefits of such growth
Role of S and T in the Development of the State
S and T as resources for nation and state-building As resources for development As resources for controlling and
influencing citizens S and T helps the state in
addressing the various crises Scientific management
principles enhances state capacity through bureaucratic efficiency Work specialization Development of planning and
monitoring systems
Capitalist Development
Capitalism is the dominant economic system in the age of modernity
It is an outcome of industrialization
Accomplished through the rise of entrepreneurs and markets
Underdeveloped and Traditional Economies
Usually seen as closed and backward
There is an oversupply of labor which are not fully employed to their productive capacities
Dominated by a subsistence sector, which is mainly based on family labor
Low labor productivity Low levels of capital
investments
Developed Capitalist Economies
Attended by the effective mobilization of capital and productive resources
Productive investment enabled the manufacturing sector to become a significant part of national income
Investments later went to other sectors (agriculture, services)
Population growth is overtaken by economic growth
Effects of Increase in Investments
Increase in investments, supported by an increase in the rate of savings, drives the capitalist sector to grow significantly
The final stage of capitalism is a society of high mass consumption Growth in employment
opportunities Increase in national income Continuing rise in consumer
demands Formation of a strong domestic
market
Vicious Cycle of Poverty
Low Productivity
Low Income
Low Demand
Low Savings
Low Levels of Investments
Low Levels of Capital
Demand Side Supply Side
To break the cycle….
A strong incentive system for investments needs to be created
There is also a need to expand markets by balancing capital investments in a number of key industrial sectors
Investments in S and T can play a big role!
Role of S and T in increasing Productivity
New machines and methods enable the development of new production processes
New methods of converting raw materials into commodities, and the search for new materials and sources of energy increase productivity
Biotechnology and agricultural engineering enhance land productivity and modernize agricultural production
Advances in IT, artificial intelligence, and robotics enhance the productivity of work
Capitalist Development in a Globalized World
Internationalization of commercial capital: growing commodity trade among capitalist economies
Internationalization of productive capital: the transfer of industrial production from the industrialized countries to the developing countries
New patterns affecting global industrialization
Increasing numbers of cheap labor in developing economies
Technological developments that allowed for the splitting up of the production process into constituent parts
Developments in transportation, information and communication technologies
Internationalization versus Globalization Internationalization
Involves merely the relocation of certain production processes to other countries, including developing countries
Example: A Japanese-based company relocating its assembly plants to the Philippines
Globalization Involves a deliberate
restructuring of manufacturing, trade, and services within a system that is global in scale
Led by globally oriented mega-corporations or transnational corporations (TNCs) that organize their entire production and sales as a world-wide operation
Globalization
Enabled by a rapid growth of global financial markets resulting from the deregulation of financial transactions
Facilitated by technological developments in information technology
This development is called technocapitalism, and is associated with the enhanced movement of money, ideas, products, design and services within societies and across societies