Indian Journal of Dalit and Tribal Studies (IJDTS)16
Socio-economic development of tribal in Odisha –An inter-district analysis
Abstract
parameters in the tribal and non-tribal districts of Odisha. The study also highlights some of the fact on the change in socio-economic status of tribals in Odisha over a period of six decades. Odisha has the third highest tribal
Government of India has been facing since independence is
by the Government. But it has been found out that a very
line in Odisha having a very high Infant Mortality Rate and low literacy rate especially among tribal women. Further tribal districts have performed poorly in terms of various indicators of human development vis a vis non-tribal
socio–economic indicators can be narrowed down.
Keywords: Human Development, Tribal, Literacy, poverty-
*Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Central University of Orissa, Koraput
ISSN : 2348-1757Indian Journal of Dalit and Tribal Studies (IJDTS)Volume-4 , Issue-2, July-Dec. 2016, pages 16-33
17
line, Infant mortality rate
The greatest challenge that the Government of India has been
dialect, occupying or professing to occupy a common territory and is not usually endogamous though originally it might have been so”.
part of or group within any tribe or tribal community as deemed under
of families bearing a common name, members of which occupy the same territory, speak the same language and observe certain taboos
as expected (Mishra, 2007). The post-independence era witnessed a large number of developmental measures, policies and programmes that focused on the overall development of the tribals. Ever since
Indian Journal of Dalit and Tribal Studies (IJDTS)18
protect the tribal rights, property and culture. But they failed to have
to other States/UTs (Sinha and Behera, 2009). Development of
natural resources. Odisha is one of the poorest states in India, with
(Kumar et al, 2005). A regional and social group-wise analysis of
scheduled areas, and that scheduled tribes are the poorest groups.
To highlight the changes in socio-economic status of tribal in Odisha vis-à-vis India
districts of Odisha based on human development parameters. II. Changing Socio-economic status of Tribal in Odisha
their interests. In order to protect their interests with regard to land and other social issues, various provisions have been enshrined in the
19
under the 5th Scheduled Areas are 1) Odisha, 2) Andhra Pradesh, 3) Himachal Pradesh, 4) Gujarat, 5) Rajasthan 6) Maharashtra, 7) Bihar
State), was a part of undivided Madhya Pradesh State) and Telegana. As
.
States
percentage of ST
the state
percentage of
to the total
of the country
Total number of
Andhra Pradesh 5.3 2.5 3530.6 7.5 42
Gujarat 14.8 8.5 32Himachal Pradesh 5.7 0.4 10
Jharkhand 26.2 8.3 32Madhya Pradesh 21.1 14.7 46
Maharashtra 9.4 10.1 47Odisha 22.8 9.2 62Rajasthan 13.5 8.8 12Telegana 7.7 8.8 32
Source: Government of India
Indian Journal of Dalit and Tribal Studies (IJDTS)20
seen in both Odisha and in India in recent decade. (Figure 1)
Year Odisha India% of Odisha tribal
population to India tribal population
1961 42.2 298.8 14.11971 50.7 380.2 13.31981 59.2 516.3 11.51991 70.4 677.5 10.42001 81.5 843.3 9.72011 95.9 1045.4 9.1
Source: Economic Survey of Odisha, 2014-15 and Annual Report 2015-16,
India
Source: compiled by author
21
over a period of six decades. Further, it is quite surprising to see that
(table 3).
1961 to 2011
Year Odisha India
1961 1016 987
1971 1007 982
1981 1012 983
1991 1012 972
2001 1003 978
2011 1029 990Source: Economic survey of Odisha, 2014-15
Although there has been a rise in literacy rate among tribal
of females where only 49% in India and 41% in Odisha are literate
This gap among tribal is more visible in Odisha as compared to India.Table 4:
Literacy rate among ST in Odisha and in India from 1961 to 2011
yearOdisha India
all male Female all male Female
1961 7.36 13 1.77 8.53 13.83 3.16
1971 9.45 16.4 2.28 11.3 17.63 4.85
1981 14 23.3 4.76 16.35 24.52 8.04
1991 22.3 34.4 10.21 29.6 40.65 18.19
Indian Journal of Dalit and Tribal Studies (IJDTS)22
2001 37.37 51.48 23.37 47.1 59.17 34.76
2011 52.24 63.7 41.2 59 68.5 49.4
Source: Economic survey of Odisha, 2014-15 and Annual Report
Figure 2: Gender Gap in literacy rate among ST in India and Odisha from 1961 to 2011
Source: compiled by author
and India
YearOdisha India
Rural urban Rural urban2004-05 75.6 61.8 47.3 33.32011-12 63.5 39.7 45.3 24.1
Government of India
below poverty line in Odisha was 75.6 % in rural areas and 62 % in urban areas during 2004-05. But in 2011-12, this percentage has declined to 63.5% in rural areas and 39.7% in urban areas. It is also seen from table that these percentages are higher when compared to the country’s percentage.
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is considered to be one of the most important parameter showing the health status of the region/
23
community. Infant Mortality Rate for STs is shown in the Table 6.Table 6:
Infant Mortality Rate of ST and Social group of Odisha vis-à-vis other states
State All social groups STAndhra Pradesh 68.4 94
Arunachal Pradesh 60.7 67.6
Assam 66.1 5980.8 90.6
Gujarat 62.8 86J &K 45.5 34.4Jharkhand 76.6 93Karnataka 53 45.8Madhya Pradesh 81.9 95.6Maharashtra 45.3 51.4Manipur 29.7 51.2Meghalaya 44.6 49.3Nagaland 38.3 45.8Odisha 67.7 78.7Rajasthan 72.7 73.2Sikkim 33.7 28.9
India
It can be seen from table that infant mortality rate in Odisha in very high that is 67.7 percent and its rank is sixth among 16 states.
in Odisha is not much higher as in other states like Andra Pradesh, Gujarat, and Manipur.
Land is the only tangible asset which the members of the
Indian Journal of Dalit and Tribal Studies (IJDTS)24
scheduled tribes possess. Their income exclusively depends upon
25
income and size of land holding, but also forces them to fall into the poverty spectrum. Most of the tribes have alienated their lands, due
of land holding force the tribals to sale their land. It can be seen that
holding by schedule tribes in Odisha and India from 2004-05 to 2010-11 which shows increase in uneconomic size of land holding over the years (table 7 and 8).
low especially among women tribals. Further, it has been found the
in Odisha than in India in rural as well as urban areas. Even, it is also
Not only this, even there has been an increase in number and area of
from 2004-05 to 2010-11 which shows increase in uneconomic size of land holding over the years. An inter-district level analysis about human development of tribals in Odisha could give a clearer picture
II. based on Human Development Parameters
Odisha is having 30 districts of which nine districts have 45
through various developmental plans, policies, special strategies and
India has provided many safeguards for the welfare and development
Indian Journal of Dalit and Tribal Studies (IJDTS)26
jobs. S.T. & S.C. Development Department is the nodal Department of
Various programs have been undertaken for the development of STs
plan and Grants-in-Aid received from various agencies. A number of tribal development programs are in place sponsored by both
Table 9:
Name of program Geographical coverageTribal Sub plan 12 Districts, 118 Blocks
12 Districts, 20 Blocks
Approach (MADA)17, Districts, 47 Blocks
Dispersed tribal development program
State
RevisedKBK Districts
Source: Tribal Inclusion and Development Assessment and Tribal Development Plan (2008)
The Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes Development Department is the nodal Department of the State Government for
and simplicity, tribal normally fall an easy prey to the unscrupulous money lenders and middlemen who exploit them in many ways.
stated below in table 10.
27
Table 10:
Odisha Scheduled Areas Transfer of
Immovable Property [by Scheduled Tribes]
To control and check transfers of Immovable property in the Scheduled Areas of the State of
Odisha by ScheduledTribes.
Odisha Scheduled Areas ] Money Lenders’
2 of 1968]
To control and regulate the business of money lending in the Scheduled Areas of the State of
Odisha.The Odisha [Scheduled Areas]
Debt Relief
1 of 1968]
To provide for relief from Indebtedness to the Scheduled
Tribes in the State of Odisha.
Vacancies inPosts and Services[ for
Scheduled Caste &Sch. Tribe Act 1975 ]
To provide adequate
castes and Scheduled Tribes in Posts and Services under the StateGovernment and in the State Public undertakings and autonomous or
local bodies.
Indian Journal of Dalit and Tribal Studies (IJDTS)28
Act, 1955
of Scheduled Caste and Scheduled
Courts for trial ofatrocity cases.
Special Employment Exchange
To facilitate in absorbing
them in government jobs.Monetary Relief to the
of atrocity.
Provision of Legal Aid to Scheduled
Castes and Scheduled Tribes persons
Financial and legal support to tribal
Source: Tribal Inclusion and Development Assessment and Tribal Development Plan (2008)
the fruits or not can be assessed by comparing human development indicators that is infant mortality rate, literacy rate, gross enrolment
tribal district. So districts in Odisha have been categorized under tribal and non tribal districts.
29
Table 11: Human Development indicators of tribal and non tribal districts of
Odisha
District HIinfant
mortality rate
II EIHDI value
HDI rank
LRI CGERI
Tribal Districts
Keonjhar 0.34 117 0.547 0.704 0.53 24 0.598 0.917
Koraput 0.218 136 0.539 0.535 0.431 27 0.362 0.881
Mayurbhanj 0.782 48 0.489 0.647 0.639 9 0.524 0.892
Sundargarh 0.692 62 0.618 0.74 0.683 4 0.652 0.915
Rayagada 0.25 131 0.547 0.531 0.443 25 0.356 0.882
Gajapati 0.173 143 0.558 0.561 0.431 28 0.417 0.848
Kandhamal 0.006 169 0.516 0.645 0.389 29 0.53 0.877
Malkangiri 0.122 151 0.497 0.491 0.37 30 0.313 0.847
Nabarangpur 0.34 117 0.453 0.516 0.436 26 0.343 0.863
Non-Tribal Districts
Angul 0.481 95 0.748 0.76 0.663 6 0.694 0.891
Jajpur 0.333 118 0.499 0.786 0.54 22 0.722 0.914
Jharsuguda 0.635 71 0.757 0.773 0.722 2 0.715 0.89
Dhenkanal 0.468 97 0.534 0.773 0.591 12 0.701 0.916
Sambalpur 0.436 102 0.59 0.742 0.589 13 0.67 0.887
Balangir 0.468 97 0.504 0.666 0.546 21 0.549 0.898
Balasore 0.442 101 0.466 0.77 0.559 18 0.709 0.892
Bargarh 0.449 100 0.517 0.727 0.565 17 0.641 0.9
Bhadrak 0.673 65 0.463 0.803 0.646 8 0.746 0.917
Boudh 0.423 104 0.497 0.688 0.536 23 0.584 0.894
Cuttack 0.686 63 0.587 0.813 0.695 3 0.761 0.916
Deogarh 0.776 49 0.532 0.698 0.669 5 0.608 0.878
Ganjam 0.404 107 0.532 0.718 0.551 20 0.629 0.894
Jagatsinghpur 0.288 125 0.549 0.833 0.557 19 0.796 0.907
Indian Journal of Dalit and Tribal Studies (IJDTS)30
Kalahandi 0.763 51 0.471 0.585 0.606 11 0.462 0.83
Kendrapara 0.596 77 0.466 0.815 0.626 10 0.773 0.9
Khurda 0.724 57 0.639 0.845 0.736 1 0.802 0.93
Nayagarh 0.462 98 0.485 0.766 0.571 15 0.71 0.878
Nuapada 0.692 62 0.47 0.582 0.581 14 0.423 0.901
Puri 0.622 73 0.527 0.823 0.657 7 0.784 0.9
Sonepur 0.474 96 0.492 0.731 0.566 16 0.641 0.912
Source: Human Development Report 2004, Odisha
Index, HDI – Human Development Index, LI-literacy rate index, CGERI-
Above table 11 analyses Human Development indicators across thirty districts of Odisha which has been categories into tribal and non tribal districts. It is observed that some of the tribal districts have performed poorly in terms of various indicators of human development vis a vis other districts of the state. In table 12 Human Development Index and its indicators of tribal districts has been compared with the non tribal districts. It can be seen that average HDI value of tribal districts is much lower than non- tribal district. Poor quality of life in tribal districts has been characterized by higher infant mortality rate, lower literacy rate index and lower combined
Table 12: Human Development Index in tribal and non- tribal district of Odisha
DistrictAverage
HI
Average Infant
Mortality Rate
Average II
AverageEI
Average HDI value
Average LRI
Average CGERI
Tribal Districts
0.32 119.33 0.52 0.596 0.483 0.455 0.88
Non-Tribal Districts
0.537 86.09 0.539 0.747 0.608 0.672 0.897
31
Source: Compiled by authorFigure 3: Comparison of tribal and non-tribal districts with
respect to Human Development Index and its component
Source: compiled by author
welfare programmes undertaken by both centre and state, tribal districts have performed poorly in terms of various indicators of
value of tribal districts is lower than non-tribal district.
IV. Conclusion
planners, administrators and all those concerned with the welfare and development of the tribal people. Laws have been made with regard
number of programmes have been undertaken by the Government of India and Odisha for the development of the tribals and tribal’s areas
the quality and quantum of development achieved is far from being
Indian Journal of Dalit and Tribal Studies (IJDTS)32
development programmes, state has failed to reduce the disparity
the study that average HDI value of tribal districts is much lower than non tribal district. Even in all its component indicators like income
lower than non tribal district of the state. Why despite of crores of rupees being pumped by centre and state government unable to bring desirable changes in socio-economic life and household food
the integral part of the society and enjoy the fruits of development of economy.References
1. Agriculture Census (2010-11). All India Report on Number and Area
of India as retrieve from agcensus2010/agcen2010rep.htm as on 8/9/2016
2. of India as retrieve from CMS/Documents/201606060452201526687EnglishAR.pdf on 8/9/2016
3.
Odisha4. Kumar K, Choudhary P R,Sarangi S,Mishra P and Behera S (2005).
A socio-economic and legal study of scheduled tribes land in Orissa. Commissioned by the World Bank, Washington DC 01/2005 as retrieve from vasundharaodisha.org/.../World%20Bank%20Study
5. Majumdar, D.N. (1961). Races and Cultures of India, Asia Publishing House, Bombay, P.367
6.
33
cuments/201305090204592676637Annualreport.pdf on 8/9/20167.
Tribal Livelihood: Study of a Pani Panchayat in Southern Orissa. PhD.
8. Nabakrushna Choudhury Centre for Development Studies
Department, Government of Odisha as retrieve from orissa.gov.in/p%26c/humandevelopment/hdr_content.html on 8/09/2016
9.
ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/3379/1/VIJAY_FINAL_REPORT_MAY_12TH.pdf as on 8/9/2016
10. Sinha, B..K..P. and Behera, M. (2009). Changing socio-economic
planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/ser_chang.pdf as on 08/09/2016.
11. Tribal Inclusion and Development Assessment and Tribal Development Plan (2008), TRIPTI. Retrieve from wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/02/12/000333037_20080212035115/Rendered/PDF/IPP2610IPP0P091SAR1IP1P0934780Vol01.pdf on 8/9/2016
*****