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SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
HONEYBEE
APIS MELLIFERA
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Social Organization
The honey bee is a social insectthat can survive only as amember of a community or
colony. The colony inhabits an enclosed
cavity, its nest.
Domesticated colonies are keptin artificial containers, usuallywooden boxes, known as hives.
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Eusociality
1). There is cooperative brood-care
2). There is an overlapping of generations so
that the group (the colony) will sustain for a
while, allowing offspring assist parents during
their life, and
3). That there is a reproductive division of labor,
i.e. not every individual reproduces equally in
the group
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II: Caste of the Honey Bee
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Life Cycle of Honeybee
Worker Bee
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Life CycleQueen bee
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Life Cycle - Drone
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II: Worker Bee
Clean the comb
Produce Royal Jelly
Make wax to build comb & repairthe hive.
Store Nectar
Defend the hive
Gather nectar, pollen, water, andpropolis.
They ventilate, cool & heat the hive.
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II: Queen Bee
The queen lays about 1200 eggs perday, about 200,000 per season.
This is necessary since a colony needs to
have 40 to 50 thousand bees at its peak.
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Normal Egg Position
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II: Drones (Male Bee)
Their main purpose is to
mate with a virgin queen.
Die upon mating, or areexpelled from the hive as
rainy season approaches.
Their presence indicateabundance.
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FOOD SHARING
Trophallaxis or food sharing behavior, the
other bees regurgitate a drop of nectar.
This food-sharing is also the basis of thechemical communication in the hive -
pheromones, especially the 'queen
substance', are transmitted around thehive in this way.
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III. An Apiary
Good Forage
Collection of Colonies
Clean Water
Wind Breaks
Secured
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Apiary Layout
1.5 feet above ground
No heavy shade or damp area
Not too close each other No evening light on entrance
Good water source
Good access
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The Honey Bee
Dance Language
f
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For honey bees, finding nectar is
essential to survival.
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Karl von Frisch, 1886-1982
Austrian, began work in1919
Trained European honeybees,Apis mellifera, tofeeders
First believed bees usedflower scents or otherodors to find food sources
Began to pay close
attention to dancesperformed by returningforagers
Dances very precise, withvarying tempo and
direction
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von Frisch described the dances
1. Round dance
When food source is
< 50 m from hive
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angle b/w vertical& waggle run =
angle b/w sun
& food source
Waggle dance
Figure-8 portion
resets position of dancer
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http://www.extension.org/pages/Dance_Language_of_the_Honey_Bee
If she waggles at an angle 60degrees to the left of
upward the food source may
be found 60 degrees to the
left of the sun.
Photo: Bill Tietjen, Bellarmine University
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And thats not all
By moving feeder todifferent angles and
locations, von Frisch found:
Number of waggles per runcorrelates with distance to
food source (more= farther)Dance tempo (slower=farther)
The duration of the dance
(longer= better food)
Other bees follow the dancer(audience)
SCOUT: finds new foodsources & dances
RECRUITS: follow dances &
then forage
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In summary, von Frisch was
proposing the waggle dance says
1) DIRECTION:
- Angle of waggle run
2) DISTANCE:
- Number of waggles per run
- Dance tempo (# of circuits per unit time)
3) QUALITY:
- The duration of the dance (total waggle runs)
4) TASTE AND SMELL:
- Dancer gives free samples
*** ROUND DANCE- only for nearby sources, detailed info
not provided
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Lets Keep the Bees
Dancing