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Social Determinants of Equity
and
Social Determinants of Health
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Levels of health intervention
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Addressing thesocial determinants of health
Primary prevention
Safety net programs and secondary prevention
Medical care and tertiary prevention
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But how do disparities arise?
• Differences in the quality of care received within the health care system
• Differences in access to health care, including preventive and curative services
• Differences in life opportunities, exposures, and stresses that result in differences in underlying health status
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Differences in exposures and opportunities
Diff
eren
ces i
n ac
cess
to c
are
Differences in quality of care(ambulance slow or goes the wrong way)
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Addressing thesocial determinants of equity:
Why are there differencesin resourcesalong the cliff face?
Why are there differencesin who is foundat different parts of the cliff?
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Determinants of health
Individual behaviors
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Determinants of health
Social determinants of health (contexts)
Individual behaviors
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Determinants of health
Determinants of health and illness that are outside of the individual
Beyond genetic predispositions
Beyond individual behaviors
Social determinants of health (contexts)
Individual behaviors
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Determinants of health
Determinants of health and illness that are outside of the individual
Beyond genetic predispositions
Beyond individual behaviors
Social determinants of health (contexts)
Individual behaviors
The contexts in which individual behaviors arise
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Determinants of health
Individual resourcesEducation, occupation, income, wealth
Social determinants of health (contexts)
Individual behaviors
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Determinants of health
Individual resourcesEducation, occupation, income, wealth
Neighborhood resourcesHousing, food choices, public safety, transportation, parks and recreation, political clout
Social determinants of health (contexts)
Individual behaviors
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Determinants of health
Individual resourcesEducation, occupation, income, wealth
Neighborhood resourcesHousing, food choices, public safety, transportation, parks and recreation, political clout
Social determinants of health (contexts)
Individual behaviors
Hazards and toxic exposuresPesticides, lead, reservoirs of infection
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Determinants of health
Individual resourcesEducation, occupation, income, wealth
Neighborhood resourcesHousing, food choices, public safety, transportation, parks and recreation, political clout
Social determinants of health (contexts)
Individual behaviors
Hazards and toxic exposuresPesticides, lead, reservoirs of infection
Opportunity structuresSchools, jobs, justice
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Determinants of health
Societal determinants of context
Social determinants of health (contexts)
Individual behaviors
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Determinants of healthDetermine the range ofobserved contexts
Societal determinants of context
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Determinants of healthDetermine the range ofobserved contexts
Societal determinants of context
Social determinants of health (contexts)
Individual behaviors
Determine the distribution of different populations into those contexts
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Determinants of healthDetermine the range ofobserved contexts
Societal determinants of context
Social determinants of health (contexts)
Individual behaviors
Determine the distribution of different populations into those contexts
Include capitalism, racism, and other systems of power
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Determinants of healthDetermine the range ofobserved contexts
Societal determinants of context
Social determinants of health (contexts)
Individual behaviors
Determine the distribution of different populations into those contexts
The social determinants of equity
Include capitalism, racism, and other systems of power
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Addressing the social determinantsof health
• Involves the medical care and public health systems, but clearly extends beyond these
• Requires collaboration with multiple sectors outside of health, including education, housing, labor, justice, transportation, agriculture, and environment
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Addressing the social determinantsof equity
• Involves monitoring for inequities in exposures and opportunities, as well as for disparities in outcomes
• Involves examination of structures, policies, practices, norms, and values
• Requires intervention on societal structures and attention to systems of power
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We need to do both
• Address the social determinants of health, including poverty, in order to achieve large and sustained improvements in health outcomes
• Address the social determinants of equity, including racism, in order to achieve social justice and eliminate health disparities
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Naming and Addressing
the Impacts of Racismon Health
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Why racism?
• To eliminate racial disparities in health, need examine fundamental causes– “Race” is only a rough proxy for SES,
culture, or genes– “Race” precisely measures the social
classification of people in our “race”-conscious society
• Hypothesize racism as a fundamental cause of racial disparities in health
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What is racism?
A system
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What is racism?
A system of structuring opportunity and assigning value
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What is racism?
A system of structuring opportunity and assigning value based on the social interpretation of how one looks (“race”)
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What is racism?
A system of structuring opportunity and assigning value based on the social interpretation of how one looks (“race”)– Unfairly disadvantages some individuals
and communities
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What is racism?
A system of structuring opportunity and assigning value based on the social interpretation of how one looks (“race”)– Unfairly disadvantages some individuals
and communities– Unfairly advantages other individuals and
communities
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What is racism?
A system of structuring opportunity and assigning value based on the social interpretation of how one looks (“race”)– Unfairly disadvantages some individuals
and communities– Unfairly advantages other individuals and
communities– Saps the strength of the whole society
through the waste of human resourcesSource: Jones CP, Phylon 2003
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“Reactions to Race” module Six-question optional module on the
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Piloted by six states in 2002 Now available to all states
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States using “Reactions to Race”Arkansas 2004California 2002Colorado 2004Delaware 2002 2004 2005District of Columbia 2004
Florida 2002Michigan 2006Mississippi 2004Nebraska 2008New Hampshire 2002
New Mexico 2002North Carolina 2002Ohio 2003 2005Rhode Island 2004 2007South Carolina 2003 2004
Virginia 2008Washington 2004Wisconsin 2004 2005 2006
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States using “Reactions to Race” module on 2004 BRFSS
Arkansas, Colorado, Delaware, District of Columbia, Mississippi, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Wisconsin
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Socially-assigned “race” How do other people usually classify you in
this country? Would you say:
White Black or African-American Hispanic or Latino Asian Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander American Indian or Alaska Native Some other group
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General health statusWould you say that in general your health
is:
Excellent Very good Good Fair Poor
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00108
0604
02
58.3 43.7 41.2 36.1
0
White Black Hispanic AIANReport excellent or very good health
perc
ent o
f res
pond
ents
General health status by socially-assigned "race", 2004 BRFSS
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General health status by socially-assigned "race", 2004 BRFSS001
0806
0402
58.3 43.7 41.2 36.1
0
White Black Hispanic AIANReport excellent or very good health
perc
ent o
f res
pond
ents
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General health status by socially-assigned "race", 2004 BRFSS001
0806
0402
58.3 43.7 41.2 36.1
0
White Black Hispanic AIANReport excellent or very good health
Report fair or poor health
13.9 21.5 20.9 22.1
perc
ent o
f res
pond
ents
perc
ent o
f res
pond
ents
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General health status and “race” “White” social experience associated with
better health
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Self-identified ethnicity Are you Hispanic or Latino?
Yes No
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Self-identified “race”Which one or more of the following would
you say is your race?
White Black or African-American Asian Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander American Indian or Alaska Native Other
Which one of these groups would you say best represents your race?
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Self-identified “race”/ethnicity Hispanic
“Yes” to Hispanic/Latino ethnicity question Any response to race question
White “No” to Hispanic/Latino ethnicity question Only one response to race question, “White”
Black “No” to Hispanic/Latino ethnicity question Only one response to race question, “Black”
American Indian/Alaska Native “No” to Hispanic/Latino ethnicity question Only one response to race question, “AI/AN”
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White Black Hispanic AIAN . . .White
26,37398.4 0.1 0.3 0.1 1.1
Black5,246
0.4 96.3 0.8 0.3 2.2
Two measures of “race”
How usually classified by others
How
sel
f-id
enti
fy
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Two measures of “race”
How usually classified by othersWhite Black Hispanic AIAN . . .
White26,373
98.4 0.1 0.3 0.1 1.1
Black5,246
0.4 96.3 0.8 0.3 2.2
Hispanic1,528
26.8 3.5 63.0 1.2 5.5
How
sel
f-id
enti
fy
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Two measures of “race”
How usually classified by othersWhite Black Hispanic AIAN . . .
White26,373
98.4 0.1 0.3 0.1 1.1
Black5,246
0.4 96.3 0.8 0.3 2.2
Hispanic1,528
26.8 3.5 63.0 1.2 5.5
How
sel
f-id
enti
fy
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General health status, by self-identified and socially-assigned "race", 2004pe
rcen
t of r
espo
nden
ts
100
8060
4020
0
39.8
53.758.6
Report excellent or very good healthHispanic-Hispanic Hispanic-White White-White
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General health status, by self-identified and socially-assigned "race", 20040
2040
6080
100
39.8
58.6
perc
ent o
f res
pond
ents
Hispanic-Hispanic White-White
Test of H0: That there is no difference in proportionsreporting excellent or very good health
Hispanic-Hispanic versus White-Whitep < 0.0001
Report excellent or very good health
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020
4060
8010
0
39.8
53.7
perc
ent o
f res
pond
ents
Report excellent or very good healthHispanic-Hispanic Hispanic-White
Test of H0: That there is no difference in proportionsreporting excellent or very good health
Hispanic-Hispanic versus Hispanic-Whitep = 0.0019
General health status, by self-identified and socially-assigned "race", 2004
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020
4060
8010
0
53.758.6
perc
ent o
f res
pond
ents
Report excellent or very good healthHispanic-White White-White
Test of H0: That there is no difference in proportionsreporting excellent or very good health
Hispanic-White versus White-Whitep = 0.1895
General health status, by self-identified and socially-assigned "race", 2004
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Two measures of “race”
How usually classified by othersWhite Black Hispanic AIAN . . .
White26,373
98.4 0.1 0.3 0.1 1.1
Black5,246
0.4 96.3 0.8 0.3 2.2
Hispanic1,528
26.8 3.5 63.0 1.2 5.5
AIAN321
47.6 3.4 7.3 35.9 5.8How
sel
f-id
enti
fy
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Two measures of “race”
How usually classified by othersWhite Black Hispanic AIAN . . .
White26,373
98.4 0.1 0.3 0.1 1.1
Black5,246
0.4 96.3 0.8 0.3 2.2
Hispanic1,528
26.8 3.5 63.0 1.2 5.5
AIAN321
47.6 3.4 7.3 35.9 5.8How
sel
f-id
enti
fy
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General health status, by self-identified and socially-assigned "race", 20040
2040
6080
100
32
52.6
58.6
perc
ent o
f res
pond
ents
Report excellent or very good healthAIAN-AIAN AIAN-White White-White
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General health status, by self-identified and socially-assigned "race", 20040
2040
6080
100
32
58.6
perc
ent o
f res
pond
ents
Report excellent or very good healthAIAN-AIAN White-White
Test of H0: That there is no difference in proportionsreporting excellent or very good health
AIAN-AIAN versus White-Whitep < 0.0001
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General health status, by self-identified and socially-assigned "race", 20040
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Report excellent or very good healthAIAN-AIAN AIAN-White
Test of H0: That there is no difference in proportionsreporting excellent or very good health
AIAN-AIAN versus AIAN-Whitep = 0.0122
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General health status, by self-identified and socially-assigned "race", 20040
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Report excellent or very good healthAIAN-White White-White
Test of H0: That there is no difference in proportionsreporting excellent or very good health
AIAN-White versus White-Whitep = 0.3070
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General health status and “race” Being perceived as White is associated with
better health Even within non-White self-identified “race”/ethnic
groups
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![Page 58: Social Determinants of Equity and Social … how do disparities arise? • Differences in the quality of care received within the health care system • Differences in access to health](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022504/5ab5ec7b7f8b9a1a048d5d6c/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
General health status and “race” Being perceived as White is associated with
better health Even within non-White self-identified “race”/ethnic
groups Even within the same educational level
![Page 59: Social Determinants of Equity and Social … how do disparities arise? • Differences in the quality of care received within the health care system • Differences in access to health](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022504/5ab5ec7b7f8b9a1a048d5d6c/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
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![Page 60: Social Determinants of Equity and Social … how do disparities arise? • Differences in the quality of care received within the health care system • Differences in access to health](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022504/5ab5ec7b7f8b9a1a048d5d6c/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
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![Page 61: Social Determinants of Equity and Social … how do disparities arise? • Differences in the quality of care received within the health care system • Differences in access to health](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022504/5ab5ec7b7f8b9a1a048d5d6c/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
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![Page 62: Social Determinants of Equity and Social … how do disparities arise? • Differences in the quality of care received within the health care system • Differences in access to health](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022504/5ab5ec7b7f8b9a1a048d5d6c/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
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General health status and “race” Being perceived as White is associated with
better health Even within non-White self-identified “race”/ethnic
groups Even within the same educational level
Being perceived as White is associated with higher education
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Key questionsWHY is socially-assigned “race” associated
with self-reported general health status? Even within non-White self-identified “race”/ethnic
groups Even within the same educational level
WHY is socially-assigned “race” associated with educational level?
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RacismA system of structuring opportunity and assigning value based on the social interpretation of how one looks (“race”) Unfairly disadvantages some individuals and
communities Unfairly advantages other individuals and
communities Saps the strength of the whole society through the
waste of human resources
Source: Jones CP, Phylon 2003
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Levels of racism
• Institutionalized• Personally-mediated• Internalized
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Institutionalized racism
• Differential access to the goods, services, and opportunities of society, by “race”
• Examples– Housing, education, employment, income– Medical facilities– Clean environment– Information, resources, voice
• Explains the association between SES and “race”
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Personally-mediated racism
• Differential assumptions about the abilities, motives, and intents of others, by “race”
• Prejudice and discrimination• Examples
– Police brutality– Physician disrespect– Shopkeeper vigilance– Waiter indifference– Teacher devaluation
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Internalized racism
• Acceptance by the stigmatized “races” of negative messages about our own abilities and intrinsic worth
• Examples– Self-devaluation– White man’s ice is colder– Resignation, helplessness, hopelessness
• Accepting limitations to our full humanity
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Levels of Racism:
A Gardener’s Tale
Source: Jones CP, Am J Public Health 2000
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Who is the gardener?
• Power to decide• Power to act• Control of resources
Dangerous when• Allied with one
group• Not concerned with
equity
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Health equity
• Health equity is the realization by ALL people of the highest attainable level of health.
Source: National Partnership for Action, ongoing discussions, 2009
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Achieving health equity
• Requires valuing all individuals and populations equally
Source: National Partnership for Action, ongoing discussions, 2009
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Achieving health equity
• Requires valuing all individuals and populations equally, and
• Entails focused and ongoing societal efforts
Source: National Partnership for Action, ongoing discussions, 2009
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Achieving health equity
• Requires valuing all individuals and populations equally, and
• Entails focused and ongoing societal efforts– To address avoidable inequalities
Source: National Partnership for Action, ongoing discussions, 2009
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Achieving health equity
• Requires valuing all individuals and populations equally, and
• Entails focused and ongoing societal efforts– To address avoidable inequalities– By assuring the conditions for optimal health for
all groups
Source: National Partnership for Action, ongoing discussions, 2009
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Achieving health equity
• Requires valuing all individuals and populations equally, and
• Entails focused and ongoing societal efforts– To address avoidable inequalities– By assuring the conditions for optimal health for
all groups,– Particularly for those who have experienced
historical or contemporary injustices or socioeconomic disadvantage.
Source: National Partnership for Action, ongoing discussions, 2009
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Addressing racism
• Opportunity structures– Education, employment, justice, housing,
immigration, transportation, environment, healthcare, social security for children
• Societal valuation– Investment– Communication: invite contributions, hold
high expectations, celebrate accomplishments, cherish existence
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Our goal: To expand the conversation
Health services
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Our goal: To expand the conversation
Health services
Social determinantsof health
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Our goal: To expand the conversation
Health services
Social determinantsof health
Social determinantsof equity
Jones CP et al. Expanding the “Fence or Ambulance” Debate: Addressing the Social Determinants of Health and Equity. Under review, 2009.
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Our tasks
• Put racism on the agenda– Name racism as a force determining the
distribution of other social determinants of health
– Routinely monitor for differential exposures, opportunities, and outcomes by “race”
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Our tasks
• Ask, “How is racism operating here?”– Identify mechanisms in structures, policies,
practices, norms, and values– Attend to both what exists and what is
lacking
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Our tasks
• Organize and strategize to act– Join in grassroots organizing around the
conditions of people’s lives– Identify the structural factors creating and
perpetuating those conditions– Link with similar efforts across the country
and around the world
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Camara Phyllis Jones, MD, MPH, PhD
4770 Buford Highway NEMailstop K-67Atlanta, Georgia 30341
(770) 488-5268 phone(770) 488-5965 fax
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Resources
• California Newsreel: Unnatural Causes: Is Inequality Making Us Sick?http://www.unnaturalcauses.org/
• World Health Organization: Commission on Social Determinants of Healthhttp://www.who.int/social_determinants/en/
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Resources
• CityMatCH: Undoing Racism Action Grouphttp://www.citymatch.org/UR.php
• National League of Cities: Reducing Racism and Achieving Racial Justicehttp://www.nlc.org/resources_for_cities/programs___services/382.aspx
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Resources
• UNESCO: International Coalition of Cities Against Racismhttp://www.unesco.org/shs/citiesagainstracism
• United Nations: World Conference Against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia, and Related Intolerancehttp://www.un.org/WCAR/
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Resources
• United Nations: Committee to Eliminate Racial Discriminationhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/
USA CERD report:
http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/docs/AdvanceVersion/cerd_c_usa6.doc
NGO shadow reports:
http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/cerds72-ngos-usa.htm
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Resources
• CDC Racism and Health [email protected]
Communications and DisseminationEducation and DevelopmentGlobal MattersLiaison and PartnershipOrganizational ExcellencePolicy and LegislationScience and Publications
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Measuring institutionalizedracism
• Scan for evidence of “racial” disparities– Routinely monitor outcomes by “race”– “Could racism be operating here?”
• Identify mechanisms– Examine structures and written policies– Query unwritten practices and norms– “How is racism operating here?”
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Policies of interest
• Policies allowing segregation of resources and risks
• Policies creating inherited group-disadvantage
• Policies favoring the differential valuation of human life by “race”
• Policies limiting self-determination
Source: Jones CP, Phylon 2003
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Policies allowing segregation of resources and risks
Redlining, municipal zoning, toxic dump siting
Use of local property taxes to fund public education
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Policies creatinginherited group disadvantage
Lack of social security for children
Estate inheritance
Lack of reparations for historical injustices
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Policies favoring the differential valuation of human life by “race”
Curriculum
Media invisibility/hypervisibility
Myth of meritocracy and denial of racism
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Policies limitingself-determination
De jure and de facto limitations to voting rights
“Majority rules” when there is a fixed minority