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Social capital and campaign participation in Australia: the curious role of NESB
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Some background…
• When NESB went from a control variable to a measure of interest
• Why??
–Who are these people?
–Why doesn’t language matter?
–Why are online and offline contributions different?
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The hypothesis
• NESB has a positive effect on campaign participation (but only offline; not online)
– Is recruitment important? How are NESB participants recruited?
– Does social capital matter?
Non-English-speaking
background Social capital Recruitment Participation
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What is social capital?
Bridging and bonding
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Data and methodology
Australian Election Study 2007
Independent variables:
- Born in an English-speaking country (binary)
- Controls (age, gender, income, employment & education)
Mediating variables:
- Most people can be trusted
- Online bridging social capital
- Online bonding social capital
Dependent variables:
- During campaign: worked for party or candidate
- During campaign: contributed money to party or candidate
Combination of descriptive and multivariate analysis (OLS and binary logistic regression)
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Mean differences between ESB and NESB: characteristics
Born in English-speaking country
(n=1548)
Born in non-English speaking country
(n=268)
P (independent samples t-test)
Female 51% 53% .571
Age 51.8 53.4 .158
Education (1=no formal quals, 7=postgraduate)
3.3 3.7 .002
Employment (1=retired, 8=full-time)
4.7 4.7 .973
Political knowledge (1 to 5 correct answers)
2.5 2.0 .000
Who is in power matters (1=no, 5=yes)
3.9 3.8 .352
Who you vote for matters (1=no, 5=yes)
4.0 3.9 .163
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Mean differences between ESB and NESB: social capital
Born in English-speaking country
(n=1548)
Born in non-English speaking country
(n=268)
P (independent samples t-test)
Use internet to interact with people with (1=not at all, 4=a lot):
Shared hobbies 2.1 2.1 .799
Shared religion 1.2 1.5 .000
Shared political beliefs 1.2 1.4 .034
Different ethnic backgrounds
1.4 1.7 .000
Different countries 1.9 2.3 .000
Different ages 1.8 1.9 .124
Family and friends 2.8 2.9 .230
Most people can be trusted (1=yes)
58% 49% .008
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Differences between ESB and NESB: participation
Born in English-speaking country
(n=1548)
Born in non-English speaking country
(n=268)
P (independent samples t-test)
Campaign participation:
Discussed politics 94% 91% .124
Talked about vote 36% 50% .000
Went to meetings/rallies 9% 12% .120
Worked for party/cand 19% 26% .013
Contributed money 5% 10% .004
Other forms of participation (in five years between 2002 and 2007):
Contacted an official 25% 19% .031
Protested/marched 13% 14% .706
Signed written petition 46% 33% .000
Signed e-petition 17% 17% .990
Worked with others 24% 25% .590
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Multivariate analysis: predicting social capital
Most people can be trusted (OLS)
Online bridging social capital (log.)
Online bonding social capital (log.)
Born in English-speaking country
.578 (.158)** -.566 (.208)** -.155 (.268)
Educational attainment
.135 (.028)** .150 (.034)** .323 (.043)**
Employment status -.005 (.029) -.169 (.038)** -.181 (.049)**
Live in a major city .103 (.039)** .130 (.052)** .100 (.067)
Household income .047 (.014)** .019 (.018) .024 (.023)
Age .219 (.044)** -.053 (.005)** -.058 (.007)**
Sex (female) -.130 (.111) .105 (.143) .315 (.184)*
Constant -.130 (.425) 7.560 (.578) 10.897 (.748)
R-squared .083 (pseudo) .120 .119
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Multivariate analysis: predicting campaign participation
During campaign: worked for party or candidate(log.)
During campaign: contributed money to party or candidate (log.)
ESB -.489 (.213)* -.739 (.307)**
Age .153 (.062)* .188 (.102)
Educational attainment .012 (.037) .062 (.060)
Employment status .081 (.042)* .037 (.066)
Live in a major city -.069 (.057) -.127 (.087)
Household income .007 (.019) .041 (.032)
Sex (female) -.148 (.156) -.671 (.255)**
Most people can be trusted .262 (.109)** -.125 (.255)
Online bonding social capital .110 (.031)** .132 (.047**
Online bridging social capital .051 (.039) -.023 (.062)
Constant -3.076 (.635) -3.289 (.991)
Nagelkerke R-squared .071 .072
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Discussion
• Do Australians with NESB have higher levels of social capital than those from English-speaking countries? Yes.
• Do those high levels of social capital explain disproportionate campaign participation? No.