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Shelley Ross, PhDSDRME Conference, Salt Lake City
June 2015
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Funding provided by a grant fromSociety of Directors of Medical Education Research
•Research assistant: Rosslynn Zulla
•I have no conflicts to disclose.
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Motivation theory: what makes people want to learn?
Scoping review: Major theories
Applying the theories to health professions education
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What is motivation?◦ Strength and willingness to engage in behaviour
In education: process and behaviours a learner exhibits as they complete a task◦ Task must be completed, whether learner wants
to or not◦ Called ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION
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Outcome Assigned Task
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LearningStrategies
PersistenceEffort
OutcomeAssigned
Task
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Learning Strategies
Persistence Effort
Outcome Assigned Task
Achievement Motivation
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Enormous amount of published research◦ And multiple theories in use
Use scoping review methodology to summarize key research findings
Offers medical education researchers an introduction to current motivation theories◦ As well as practical tips to implement in their
teaching
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Scoping review to summarize research findings
Reviewed ToC of 5 leading Ed Psych journals (last 5 years)
Identified current leading motivation theories
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Key terms: self-efficacy, achievement goal theory, expectancy-value, attribution theory
Multiple searches (PsycInfo, MedLine, ERIC; Google Scholar)
Reference lists of papers also searched for older key citations
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For all articles found, abstracts were scanned
Inclusion criteria: education research, theory development or application of identified theories
Multiple consensus discussions re: final included papers
Data charted, then summarized; applied findings presented as “tips”
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174 papers included in final summary. Each theory summarized; model was generated
showing how elements of all theories interact Any use or mention of theory in health professions
contexts highlighted in summaries. Tips for teaching extracted from papers and put in
health professions education contexts.
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Key theorists: Bandura (1977,1997); Schunk, (1991); Zimmerman, (1992, 2000)
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Task-specific – not generalizable
across contexts/tasks
Learning Strategies
Persistence Effort
Outcome Assigned Task
Achievement Motivation
Self-perception (I can do it) OR (I can’t do it) determines direction +/-
Previous experience
External input (teachers, peers, parents)
Mediated by anticipated outcome (grade, satisfaction, praise); can be high or low.
SELF-EFFICACY (key theorist = Bandura)
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Key theorists: Eccles (1987, 2005), Eccles & Wigfield (2000); Wigfield (2014)
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Value of task
Learning Strategies
Persistence Effort
Outcome Assigned Task
Achievement Motivation
Likelihood of success
4 dimensions of task value: 1.Attainment (what do I get out of success?)2. Intrinsic value: What does it do for me?3. Utility value: What benefit?4. Cost
Self-perceptions of competence
Determinants of direction of
behaviour
EXPECTANCY-VALUE (Eccles &
Wigfield)
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Key theorist: Weiner (1979,1985)
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Outcomes (esp. failure) lead to
search for reasons = causal search
(Why did it happen? Who is
at fault?)PAST ORIENTED
Learning Strategies
Persistence Effort
Outcome Assigned Task
Achievement Motivation
Attribution locus:Internal/External
ATTRIBUTION THEORY (Weiner)
Attribution controllability:Within learner control or not?
Attribution stability:
Stable/Unstable
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Key theorists: Ames (1984); Nichols (1984);Dweck & Leggett (1988); Elliott (1999,
2001, 2011, 2013)
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ACHIEVEMENT GOAL THEORY
Learning Strategies
Persistence Effort
Outcome Assigned Task
Achievement Motivation
Mastery goals (goal to learn/understand for own self) Approach
Performance goals (look good/ do it better than others
Implicit goals affect direction and degree of behaviour
Avoid Maladaptive behaviours
Adaptive behaviours
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Applies to: All theories
Feedback: focus on skill and competence development; ability comments should be minimized, ie. “You took a good approach to developing your differential” rather than “You are good at this”
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Applies to: All theories
Tasks: should be challenging, but also do-able◦ students need to be able to feel successful, but
also to feel that they worked for it
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Applies to: Attribution theory
Feedback: emphasize the importance of effort and effective strategies
Tasks: offer choice, to encourage feelings of control; ◦ if possible, give options in learning
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Applies to: expectancy-value; self-efficacy
Tasks: Relevant to students◦ connect a critical appraisal task directly to a
patient presentation (from lecture or PBL)
Present tasks and information in ways that answer the question “When will I ever need to know this stuff?”
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Applies to: Achievement goal theory
Stress understanding when explaining concepts
Don’t post grades, or create an environment where comparisons are encouraged
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Create an environment where peer helping and seeking help from the teacher are encouraged and facilitated
Feedback: never compare students to each other; use criterion-referenced feedback exclusively
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Applies to: All theories
Provide variety and novelty in learning tasks , and be open to creative interpretations of any didactic assignments
Avoid praise, and use feedback instead◦ “You were very effective in finding common
ground with that patient”
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Decades of motivation theory development and applied research exists;
summaries makes this literature accessible to health professions educators (may not otherwise be able to efficiently access it)
Contextualize tips into clinical and non-clinical environments - gives concrete ideas
Future research can examine theory development in the context of health professionals and learners (a unique population).
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Status of the paper from SDRME grant◦ - complete◦ - 14000 words long◦ - exploring options for publication (monograph,
series, stand alone)