Download - Shankar 7th Sem
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CONTENT:
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. About the Indian railway
o2. Railway signaling
o3.FOIS
4.OFC
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1853 First railway train journeyed distance of 22 miles betweenBombay to Thana.
It runs 12000 trains every day.
It carry 1.4 crore passengers & 16 lakh tones of goods everyday.
Daily earnings Rs120 crore.
Indian Railway are divided into zones which are further dividedinto division.
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RAILWAY SIGNALLING:-
Railway signalling :-is a system used to control railway traffic safely,
essentially to prevent trains from colliding.
Mainly there are two types of signals:-
Mechanical signals:- Older forms of signal displayed
their different aspects by their physical position.
Colour light signals:-On most modern railways, colour
light signals have largely replaced mechanical ones.
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These signals are controlled by panel which is situated in ASM office
Controlling Of Signals:-
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Description Code Colour Remarks
Main Signal Button S-5 RED Entrance Button
Track /Route Button S-6 GREY Exit Button
Level Crossing Button S-7 BLUE Operated with S-6
Group Slot Button S-8 GREEN For giving group slot
Point Group Button S-9 WHITE To point out location
Emergency Button S-10 R+G In emergency
Some Keys Of Pannel:-
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FOIS is a system for instant management and control of freight
movement.
FOIS enables freight customers to have instant access to
information regarding the current status of their consignments in
transit.
It brings the transparency in freight operations so that customers
will get up to date information.
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FOIS Architecture
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An optical fibre ( or fiber ) is a glass or plasticfibre that carries light along its length.
It has two main component layers: A Core & A
Cladding.
Light is kept in the core of optical fibre.
Cladding is for the protection of fibre.
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Thinner than other tubes. Less expensive
High Carrying Capacity.
Provides a very large Bandwidth Less signal distortion
Non- flammable
Light Weight
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Expensive over shortdistance.
Very high Installation
charges& demands high skills.
Adding additional nodes is
difficult.
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Core: Thin Glass Center ofthe fibre where light travels.
Cladding: Outer Optical
Material surrounding theCore.
Buffer Coating: Plastic
Coating that protects the
Fibre.
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The Core , & the lower refractiveindex Cladding , are typically madeof high quality silica glass, though
they can be both made of plastic aswell.
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Two main categories that are used in FibreOptic Communications are:
Multi-mode Optical Fibre
Single Mode Optical Fibre
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Single-mode fibers used to transmit one signal per
fiber (used in telephone and cable TV). They have
small cores(9 microns in diameter) and transmit infra-red light from laser.
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Multi-mode fibers used to transmit many
signals per fiber (used in computer networks).
They have larger cores(62.5 microns indiameter) and transmit infra-red light from
LED.
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The boundary
between the core and
cladding may either
be abrupt, instep
index fiber
or
gradual, in graded
index fiber.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step-index_profilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step-index_profilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graded-index_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graded-index_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graded-index_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graded-index_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graded-index_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graded-index_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graded-index_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step-index_profilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step-index_profilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step-index_profilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step-index_profilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step-index_profile -
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A step-index fiber has a central core with a
uniform refractive index. An outside cladding
that also has a uniform refractive indexsurrounds the core;
However, the refractive index of the cladding
is less than that of the central core.
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In graded-index fiber, the index of refraction
in the core decreases continuously between
the axis and the cladding. This causes lightrays to bend smoothly as they approach the
cladding, rather than reflecting abruptly from
the core-cladding boundary.
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It is a method of transmitting information
from one place to another by sending light
through an optical fiber. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier
wavethat is modulatedto carry information.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light -
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