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Impacts of Invasion of Bitou Bush on Coastal
Communities
Kris FrenchInstitute for Conservation Biology & Law
University of Wollongong, Australia
id21126484 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com
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Bitou bush � Chrysanthemoidesmonilifera spp. rotundata
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
invaded non-invaded
Habitat
Gro
und
inci
dent
ligh
t (ìmolm-2s-1)
0
10
20
30
40
50
invaded non-invadedHabitat
Mea
n ca
nopy
co
ver
(%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
January FebruaryDate
Tem
pera
ture
(˚C
)
DarkerCoolerMoister
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Ecosystem changes
Lindsay and French (2005) J Appl.Ecol, 42,556�566
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Ecosystem changes
Bitou leaves decompose fasterMore litter and more nutrients tied up in litter in
native areas
Lindsay and French (2004) Forest Ecology and Management 198, 387�99
Native leaves
Bitou leaves
Months
Per
cent
mas
s re
mai
ning
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Litter Invertebrate changes
French and Eardley (1997) andLindsay & French (2006) Biological Invasions 8: 177�192
M Bulbert © Australian Museum.
Increased in bitou bush habitat
Decreased in bitou bush habitat
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0
50
100
150
200
250
Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug
No
. ri
pe
fru
it p
er p
lan
t
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug
Month
No
. n
ativ
e sp
ecie
s in
fru
it
Gosper 2004Aust J Bot 52,223
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Bird communities
www.bencruachan.org
Canopy foragers
steffen-oppel.com
www.oiseaux.net
Understorey species
www.townsville.qld.gov.au
Plant feedersLarge carnivores
DIDN�T CHANGE
DECREASED INBITOU HABITATS
French & Zubovic(1997) Wild. Res. 24, 727-735
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Bird behaviour
lucaantara.blogspot.com
New Holland H�eater Little wattlebird
Silvereye
Superb Fairywren
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
LWB NHHE SE SFW
Species
% o
bse
rvat
ion
s
Ben OwersHons project
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Fore dune and hind dune vegetation
� Reduced climber richness
� Reduced graminoid richness
� Reduced herb richness
� Lower cover at ground levels
� Reduced shrubs� More open
canopiesMason & French (2007).
Biol. Cons. 136, 246-259.
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Fore dune and hind dune vegetation
Disadvantaged by bitou invasion� Actites megalocarpa� Correa alba� Desmodium varians� Dianella crinoides� Dichondra repens� Microlaena stipoides� Pelargonium australe� Pittosporum revolutum� Pteridium esculentum� Rapanea variabillis� Scaevola calendulacea� Senecio lautus� Spinifex sericeus� Zoysia macrantha
� Disadvantaged by bitou invasion and management
� Acacia longifolia var. sophorae� Acacia ulicifolia� Banksia serrata� Carpobrotus glaucescens� Cynodon dactylon� Gonocarpus teucroides� Hibbertia linearis� Hibbertia obtusifolia� Leucopogon parviflorus� Oxalis rubens� Poa poiformis� Pratia purpurascens� Rhagodia candolleana� Ricinocarpos pinifolius� Solanum prinophyllum� Viola hederacea
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Meta-analysis
Mason, French and LonsdaleIn prep
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Mechanism of Invasion
How is it causing these changes in vegetation?
Replacing adult plants through mortality?
Or Affecting the germination and
establishment of seedlings?
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Mechanisms: Effects on adult plants
There are no impacts on growth, reproduction or physiological function of adult plants.
0.5510.8980.6660.963L. longifolia
0.3600.6830.4430.231M. elliptica
0.5760.8800.3900.983C.alba
p value
p valuep
valuep
valueSpecies
Fv/FmReproductive:
vegetative budsVegetative
budsFlower
abundance
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Effects on population structure
Reproductive maturity Reproductive maturity
Reproductive maturity
Losses in small individuals or lack of recruitmentChanges in population structure
0-5 5-10 10-15
15-20
20-25
25-30
30-35
35+
Diameter (mm)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Tota
l num
ber o
f ind
ivid
auls
0-5 5-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90+
Diameter (mm)
0
20
40
60
80
To
tal n
um
be
r o
f in
div
idu
als
0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
100-150
150-200
200+
Circumference (cm)
0
25
50
75
100
125
To
tal n
um
be
r of
ind
ivid
uals
Correa alba, Monotoca elliptica, Lomandra longifolia
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Native species affected more strongly by growing with bitou than growing with conspecific
BA BA+BA BA+BI IS IS+IS BI+IS
condition
0
2
4
6
8
Mean
nat
ive
shoot dry
weig
ht (g
)
Banksia
Isolepis
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Allelopathy
Bitou
Acacia
Bare soil
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Summary
� Significant changes to ecosystem processes and habitat characteristics
� Impacts on faunal communities
� Decreases in plant species richness� No competitive effects on adult native
species
� Effects on seedlings from both resource and interference competition
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Acknowledgements� Anita Zubovic� Sarah Buckley� Ben Owers� Kristen Prattis� Naomi Strakosch� Karen Eardley� Carl Gosper� Liz Lindsay� Tanya Mason� Emilie Ens
�Sharon Robinson�John Bremner�Mark Lonsdale�Natalie Sullivan
Funding�Hermon Slade Foundation�National Heritage Trust�CSIRO�CRC Weeds�DPI�DECC�Land and Water Australia
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Thank you