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The contribution of sport within the process of peace and reconciliation.
From trauma healing toward social integrationCase study: The impact of sports in Rift Valley-Kenya, after post election violence
ISDPA - Power of Sport Summit - 9-12 June 2010BORSANI SERENA
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KENYA PEVFigures Jan 2008KENYA PEV
Figures Jan 2008
Contested presidential result quickly took on a one week ethnic conflict
•IDP’s: 347,000
•Deaths: 1001
•Affected: more than
500,000
•Refugees in Uganda:
12,000
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DIFFERENT APPROACHES OF THE USE OF SPORT IN HEALING AND RECONCILIATIONDIFFERENT APPROACHES OF THE USE OF SPORT IN HEALING AND RECONCILIATION
Even here in Kenya, as in other post conflict situations, it was possible to identify :
1. Single events with different possible organisers like local NGO’s, famous runners, INGO’s (Shoe4Africa, Tegla Loroupe Peace Run)
2. Sport leagues as single project of a program (World Vision, Global Peace Game)
3. Sport based projects (Sport-Based Child Protection, Peace and Reconciliation Projects by Kesofo, Kenya Youth Sports4Peace & Reconciliation Projects by Care International)
4. Sport activities as part of a wider project (Amani Cup by IOM, CFS by IOM)
5. Combinations of the above
Even here in Kenya, as in other post conflict situations, it was possible to identify :
1. Single events with different possible organisers like local NGO’s, famous runners, INGO’s (Shoe4Africa, Tegla Loroupe Peace Run)
2. Sport leagues as single project of a program (World Vision, Global Peace Game)
3. Sport based projects (Sport-Based Child Protection, Peace and Reconciliation Projects by Kesofo, Kenya Youth Sports4Peace & Reconciliation Projects by Care International)
4. Sport activities as part of a wider project (Amani Cup by IOM, CFS by IOM)
5. Combinations of the above
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CHILD FRIENDLY SPACE (CFS) AN EARLY EVALUATION
CHILD FRIENDLY SPACE (CFS) AN EARLY EVALUATION
Questionnaire 50 youth respondents on questionnaire about the impact of sport in their life after PEV
Questionnaire 50 youth respondents on questionnaire about the impact of sport in their life after PEV
Gender impact
67%
33%
male
female
Why don't you practice sport more often?
17%
25%
31%
23%
4% MY PARENTS DO NOTALLOW ME
I DO SCHOOL WORK
I DO DOMESTIC WORK
I LOOK AFTERBROTHERS/SISTERS
I’M EMPLOYED
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CHILD FRIENDLY SPACE (CFS) AN EARLY EVALUATION
CHILD FRIENDLY SPACE (CFS) AN EARLY EVALUATION
How do you feel since you started taking part in sport activities?
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
I FEEL MORE CONFIDENT ABOUT MY SPORTING ABILITIES
I AM MORE CONFIDENT ABOUT MYSELF GENERALLY
I FEEL USELESS AT TIMES
I FEEL MORE POSITIVE ABOUT MY FUTURE
I AM MORE CONFIDENT MEETING OTHER PEOPLE
I AM MORE INTEGRATED WITH OTHER COMMUNITIES
I FELL LIFE IS BECOMING NORMAL ONCE MORE
AT TIMES I THINK I’M NOT GOOD AT ALL
VERY MUCH YES JUST A BIT NOT AT ALL
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CHILD FRIENDLY SPACE (CFS) AN EARLY EVALUATION
CHILD FRIENDLY SPACE (CFS) AN EARLY EVALUATION
How your partecipation in sport activities modified your relationships with riends, family and community?
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
I FEEL THAT I’M GOOD ATUNDERSTANDING THE PROBLEM OF
OTHERS
I FEEL THAT I’M GOOD ATRESPECTING AND TALKING NICELY
TO OTHERS
I FEEL MORE TOLERANT WITHPEOPLE
I FEEL THAT I PREFER NOT TORESPECT OTHERS
I FEEL NOT SAFE WHEN MEETINGWITH PEOPLE FROM OTHER
COMMUNITIES
VERY MUCH YES JUST A BIT NOT AT ALL
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CHILD FRIENDLY SPACE (CFS) AN EARLY EVALUATION
CHILD FRIENDLY SPACE (CFS) AN EARLY EVALUATION
What are you learning by doing sport?
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
I BELIEVE THAT I CAN BEGOOD IN SOMETHING IF
I WORK HARD AT IT
I CAN HAVE NEWFRIENDS REGARDLESS
WHERE THEY ARE FROM
I WANT ONLY FRIENDSFROM MY COMMUNITY
I DON’T LIKE IT
VERY MUCH YES JUST A BIT NOT AT ALL
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RECOMMENDATIONS from the field
RECOMMENDATIONS from the field
Understand the conflict. Do not harmBase the activities on mutual interest;Use a participatory approach Use of Peer educators and train them with sport, peace building
and conflict management skills;Focus on daily activitiesPromote fair play rather then win at all costs.Create a social networkFocus on the process of healing, building relationship and empathy
rather than sport itself;Develop best practices Develop a monitoring and evaluation mechanism
Understand the conflict. Do not harmBase the activities on mutual interest;Use a participatory approach Use of Peer educators and train them with sport, peace building
and conflict management skills;Focus on daily activitiesPromote fair play rather then win at all costs.Create a social networkFocus on the process of healing, building relationship and empathy
rather than sport itself;Develop best practices Develop a monitoring and evaluation mechanism
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From practice to theory
From practice to theory
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CONFLICT SCHOOLS OF THOUGH
CONFLICT SCHOOLS OF THOUGH
CONFLICT TRANSFORMATION: based on the basic human needs theory,
unless you satisfy all these needs conflicts will erupt.
transformation of norms, society and social relationship more in general, in order to satisfy all those needs aiming at reaching peace and stability.
it’s also a peace-building approach Galtung 3R’s theory
CONFLICT PREVENTION is for conflict not to happen attempts to tackle the erupting conflict
through early warning signs.
CONFLICT TRANSFORMATION: based on the basic human needs theory,
unless you satisfy all these needs conflicts will erupt.
transformation of norms, society and social relationship more in general, in order to satisfy all those needs aiming at reaching peace and stability.
it’s also a peace-building approach Galtung 3R’s theory
CONFLICT PREVENTION is for conflict not to happen attempts to tackle the erupting conflict
through early warning signs.
CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
CONFLICT MITIGATION
CONFLICTRESOLUTION
different schools
of thought
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Conflict transformation and sportConflict transformation and sport
GALTUNG 3Rs THEORY Reconstruction of people
and places, Reconciliation of
relationships, and Resolution of issues
and animosities. If you do only one of these three
without the other two you will not even get that one’
GALTUNG 3Rs THEORY Reconstruction of people
and places, Reconciliation of
relationships, and Resolution of issues
and animosities. If you do only one of these three
without the other two you will not even get that one’
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Conflict transformation and sportConflict transformation and sport
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Conflict transformation and sportConflict transformation and sport
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Conflict transformation and sportConflict transformation and sport
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SPORT IN RECONCILIATION WHAT
SPORT IN RECONCILIATION WHAT
RECONCILIATION it’s a long process of social change, of rebuilding relationships, of finding a way to live with hope for a peaceful future, of forgiveness and achievement of justice.
RECONCILIATION it’s a long process of social change, of rebuilding relationships, of finding a way to live with hope for a peaceful future, of forgiveness and achievement of justice.
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SPORT IN RECONCILIATION - HOWSPORT IN RECONCILIATION - HOW
Sport its self is not good or bad, it is just an empty and neutral box to be filled in and a tool to be used with values, ideas, meaning, dependent on the cultural context in which takes place and people who take part
Sport its self is not good or bad, it is just an empty and neutral box to be filled in and a tool to be used with values, ideas, meaning, dependent on the cultural context in which takes place and people who take part
EmptyBox
Values
Ideas
Meaning
Context
Process
Role models (coaches)
INGREDIENTS
TOOL
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BEST PRACTICE
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EXAMPLE OF SPORT PROJECT CYCLEEXAMPLE OF SPORT PROJECT CYCLE
Identifying local community conditions and resources
Formulate programme aims and objectives Train peer leaders/coachesAssure sport inclusion and nature of participantControl the Process of providing the programmesMeasure sporting outcomes through indicatorsAssess the personal and social impact on participantsAssess the non-sporting outcomes
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EXAMPLE OF NON SPORTING OUTCOMEEXAMPLE OF NON SPORTING OUTCOME
to develop citizenship values and commitment to
collective responsibility,
to heal psychosocial trauma,
to address gender-related issues,
to build relationships among different communities,
to development a commitment to education,
to develop conflict resolution and conflict
management skills,
to reduce social isolation and tension,
to provide opportunities to empower participants,
to address health-related issues, including
HIV/AIDS
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WHO Actors in sport
for reconciliations
WHO Actors in sport
for reconciliations
MIDDLE-LEVEL, SPORT
AMBASSADORS, NGO’s, ELITE
ATHLETES
TOP LEVE
L
GRASSROOTS AND CIVIL SOCIETY, CBO’S, SOCIAL
SPACE WHERE TO IMPLEMENT SPORT
PROJECTS
Coordination of wide projects, creation of
social network, spreading of best
practice and toolkits, to improve
accountability and quality
Governments, Ministers of youth,
education and sport: establishment of nat. and int.l policies to favour the use of
sport in the process of reconciliation
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MECHANISM FOR SOCIAL CHANGEMECHANISM FOR SOCIAL CHANGE
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CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION The holistic approach must be used not only in
peace building process but also in sport programs themselves.
Healing is the first step to re-build relationship in order to achieve a social change. Sport is proofed to be a very feasible tool to achieve this progressive outcome.
Favourable government policies and development of best practices allow the contribution of sport to be much more significant.
The holistic approach must be used not only in peace building process but also in sport programs themselves.
Healing is the first step to re-build relationship in order to achieve a social change. Sport is proofed to be a very feasible tool to achieve this progressive outcome.
Favourable government policies and development of best practices allow the contribution of sport to be much more significant.
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VISION TO CREATE A HARMONIOUS FAIR AND JUST SOCIETY
HARNESSING THE DEVELOPMENT AND PEACE BENEFITS ACHIEVABLE THROUGH SPORT
VISION TO CREATE A HARMONIOUS FAIR AND JUST SOCIETY
HARNESSING THE DEVELOPMENT AND PEACE BENEFITS ACHIEVABLE THROUGH SPORT
MISSIONTO EMPOWER UNPRIVILEGED CHILDREN AND YOUTH
USING SPORT AS A TOOL FOR A SOCIAL/BEHAVIORAL CHANGE (OR DEVELOPMENT AND PEACE)
PROJECTNEVER GIVE UP - ZAMBIA
MISSIONTO EMPOWER UNPRIVILEGED CHILDREN AND YOUTH
USING SPORT AS A TOOL FOR A SOCIAL/BEHAVIORAL CHANGE (OR DEVELOPMENT AND PEACE)
PROJECTNEVER GIVE UP - ZAMBIA