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Separate Collection and Biological Treatment of Food and Bio-Waste in a Circular Economy Gisela Sommer
Waste Management Technician
Waste Agency of Catalonia, Spain
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2 The Role of Environmental Taxes Applied to Municipal Solid Waste
ARC is a public enterprise within the Planning & Sustainability Department of the Government of Catalonia.
• Competences – Municipal waste – Industrial waste – Construction waste and debris – Manure & Livestock (jointly
with Agriculture Department) – Sanitary waste and – Soil recovery
www.arc-cat.net Info 900 900 408
ARC has own competences on waste generated in Catalonia and also on all waste which are managed within Catalonia
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3 The Role of Environmental Taxes Applied to Municipal Solid Waste
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MSW Management in Catalonia: Competent authorities
4
947 Municipalities Authorities responsible for MSW collection May delegate obligations to Consortia Consells Comarcals (County Councils) Associations of municipalities Etc.
23/10/2014
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What is Biowaste?
Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC) defines bio-waste as: “biodegradable
• garden and park waste,
• food and kitchen waste from households, restaurants, caterers and retail premises
• comparable waste from food processing plants”.
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Biowaste definition in Catalonia
The Organic Fraction of the Municipal Solid Waste: OFMSW
Garden and Park Waste
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Objectives and Targets regarding Biowaste: EU
Art. 9: reduce the generation of food waste in
primary production, processing and manufacturing, retail and other distribution of food, restaurants and food services and Households by half
Proposal for Amendment of Framework Directive 2008/98/EC
Art. 11: Increase preparation for reuse and
recycling of MSW in to at least 65% in weight by 2030
Proposal for Amendment of Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste
Art. 5: reduce the amount of MSW
landfilled to 10 % of the total MSW generated by 2030
Circular Economy Package
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Objectives and Targets regarding Biowaste: Catalonia
PRECAT 20 General Program for Waste prevention and management and resources in Catalonia 2020:
Strategic objectives: Promote the consideration of
waste as resource Prevent climate change Soil protection and improvement Waste prevention Promote preparation for reuse Increment material recovery with
view to circular economy Abandon gradually landfilling and
incineration of recoverable waste
Quantitative targets: Reduction of 50% food waste
production, reference year 2010 in retail, catering and households
Material recycling: 60% in weight of biowaste in 2020
End of 2016: reduction targets for primary and agrifood sector, including wholesale distribution
Qualitative targets: Biowaste: contaminant materials < 10
% in 2020
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MSW in Catalonia: Generation, composition, management
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MSW Composition Analysis 2013
23/10/2014 MSW Management
29,6% OFMSW
7,7% Garden & Park Waste
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10,3 7,4 4,4 3,6 12,6 61,7
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
1
MSW in Catalonia: Separate Collection 2014
10
Total MSW amount 2014:
2.250.849 t 375.262 t 271.428 t 162.447 t 129.956 t
3.650.849 t Separately collected Residual waste
New target [PRECAT20] in 2020
485 kg/inh./y
49,9 kg/inh./y
36,1 kg/inh./y
21,06 kg/inh./y
16,9 kg/inh./y
294,8 kg/inh./y
Other waste separately collected
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Necessity for Bio-waste Prevention
Framework Directive 2008/98/EC
Waste Prevention Highest Priority
However...
Mediterranian conditions: • Poor soils • Erosion • Desertification
sustainable option: • Separate collection • Biological treatment • Application to soil of Bio-waste
Life-cycle-Thinking
Source: JRC Scientific and Technical Reports, Supporting Environmentally Sound Decisions for Bio-Waste Management, 2011, EUR 24917 EN
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Necessity for Bio-waste prevention: Food waste
Social and ethical impact Nearly one billion people suffer from hunger worldwide
Economic impact Total economic loss: 841 M€ in Catalonia (2010)
Environmental impact Greenhouse gas emissions: 520.700 tonnes of CO2 eq in 2010 in Catalonia (equivalent of emissions from 20.300 motor vehicles throughout their working life)
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Necessity for Bio-waste prevention: Food waste
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Food-waste prevention in Catalonia
The Diagnosis of Food Waste in Catalonia (2010)*
* Waste from wholesale distribution, the agrifood industry or the primary sector not considered in the study
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Food-waste prevention in Catalonia
The diagnosis proposed actions for following sectors: • Administration • Production and manufacture • Distribution • Restaurants and catering • Homes
Published in 2012 Available at: http://residus.gencat.cat/web/.content/home/lagencia/publicacions/centre_catala_del_reciclatge__ccr/guia_consum_responsable_en.pdf
Diagnosis of food wastage in the primary, agrifood and wholesale distribution sectors scheduled for 2016
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Food-waste prevention in Catalonia
Action: Communication campaign
TRAVELLING EXHIBITION
Explains the origin of waste and how we can prevent it. It is complemented with a practical workshop
TV PROGRAMME (11 chapters)
Each spot (3’) approaches the issue from a different angle using well-known celebrities
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Food-waste prevention in Catalonia
VIDEO CLIP
THE WEB somgentdeprofit.cat
APP
INSTAGRAM (15’’ animations)
Action: Communication campaign
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Food-waste prevention in Catalonia Action: Education and capacity building
Publication of education material for schools and retail and catering sector
Conferences and seminars
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Food-waste prevention in Catalonia
Action: Awareness raising 6th European Week for Waste Reduction (LIFE Project) Held from 22nd to 30th November 2014 all over Europe Actors involved: public authorities, companies, schools,
associations and citizens. Results for 2014: 11,995 actions in 34 European regions
(871 Catalan actions)
Action: Support for local projects 750.000 € in economic subsidies and technical support (2015):
•Catalan Food Bank Foundations (since 2007)
•Local bodies and non-for profit organisations (since 2010)
Collaboration with other institutional initiatives
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20 20 23/10/2014
Bio-waste collection in Catalonia: External factors
• Topography
• Type of Settlement
• Climate
• Housing and Urban Structure
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Bring Systems:
Efficient Collection Systems for Municipal Solid Wastes
Kerbside Containers
Bio-waste collection in Catalonia: Separate collection systems
Collection frequency: daily
Collection schedule: at night
to avoid odors
to avoid traffic disturbance
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Citizens deposit separated wastes at their door step
Fetch System: Door-to-Door Collection
Efficient Collection Systems for Municipal Solid Wastes
Bio-waste collection in Catalonia: Separate collection systems
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Bio-waste collection in Catalonia: Separate collection systems
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Example: 5 Fractiones D-t-D
Efficient Collection Systems for Municipal Solid Wastes
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Catalonia‘s 41 Counties: Separate Collection 2014: Biowaste, paper, glass and packaging (kg/inh./y)
Door-to-Door collection widely implemented
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Catalonia‘s 41 Counties: Gross and Nett Separate Collection of Bio-waste 2014: in kg/inh/y
Counties with Door-to-Door Collection
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Bio-waste treatment in Catalonia:
Compost
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Bio-waste treatment in Catalonia: Anaerobic Digestion+Composting
PROs Requires less area Allows better management of
emissions / odors Allows recovery of energy
(biogas) Fuel for vehicles CONs High costs (investment
/management) More sofisticated and sensitive
technology Requires high input quantities Requires homogeneous input More feasible on the industrial
scale
4 Facilities
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Bio-waste treatment in Catalonia: Composting
PROs Simple, robust technology Flexibility (capacity/modules) Biological process less
complicated Process allows and requires
input of woody materials (green waste)
Lower costs (investment/management) than AD
CONs Slower process
20 Facilities
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Bio-waste treatment in Catalonia: Composting Diversity of Settlements and topography
Diversified approach to biological treatment
Home and Communty Composting •2014 : 423 Municipalities - 5.970 t of Biowaste treated •Investment and operational cost very low •Proximity - less waste transport •High identification of the citizens
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Bio-waste treatment in Catalonia: Composting
Small decentralised facilities, of simple and robust technology for high quality bio-waste • Adequate for smaller waste amounts (<2.000 t)
• Lower investment and operational costs
• Relatively high surface demand
• High quality bio-waste required
Diversity of Settlements and topography
Diversified approach to biological treatment
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Bio-waste treatment in Catalonia: Composting
Centralised big and medium sized composting facilities • Adequat for large quantities of biowaste
• Higher investment and operational cost
• Relatively low surface demand
• Housed facilities require air treatment (odours)
Diversity of Settlements and topography
Diversified approach to biological treatment
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Bio-waste treatment in Catalonia: Product: Compost Compost produced from municipal biowaste :
45.000 – 50.000 t/y Applied in Horticulture Viticulture Olive plantations Cereal farming …
Application dose: 15-20 tonnes/ha Depending on technical feasibility, crop and soil condition
Compost Nutrients
Organic Matter 350 kg/t
Available N 10 kg/t
Posphorus (P2O5) 18 kg/t
Potassium (K2O) 13kg/t
Nutrient Demand* Winter Cereal
Horti-culture
40 kg/ha 200 kg/ha
80 kg/ha 80 kg/ha
60 kg/ha 300 kg/ha
Compost Demand t/ha 6-10 t/ha 20 t/ha
*Average values, wide range of variety according to species, crop and expected yield
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Bio-waste treatment in Catalonia: Product: Compost
Example for marketing: Consortium for Waste Management of Bages County
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35 The Role of Environmental Taxes Applied to Municipal Solid Waste
Bio-waste management in Catalonia: Fiscal incentives 5 Spanish Autonomous Communities Tax on waste disposal
Only Catalonia: Disposal Tax on MSW
Objectives
• Create Revenues Catalan Waste Management Fund
• Steer Behaviour Discourage disposal Stimulate separate collection
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Disposal Tax per Ton of MSW
Year
2004-2008 -- 10,00 € --
The Role of Environmental Taxes Applied to Municipal Solid Waste
Disposal tax: €/t
23/10/2014
Gate Fee
+
yes 10,00 € 5,00 €
no 20,00 € 15,00 €2009
yes 19,10 € 9,00 €
no 28,70 € 20,20 €2015
Development of the Disposal Tax
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37 The Role of Environmental Taxes Applied to Municipal Solid Waste 37
Disposal tax
23/10/2014
Impact of the Waste Disposal Tax
NO separate collection
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38 The Role of Environmental Taxes Applied to Municipal Solid Waste
Refunding of the Disposal Tax Refund criteria
• Separate Collection of Bio-waste
The Role of Environmental Taxes Applied to Municipal Solid Waste
Refunding is subject to a quality coeffient applied per ton, based on periodical characterisations. At 15 % of impurities the refunding is 0.
10,- €/t
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39 The Role of Environmental Taxes Applied to Municipal Solid Waste
Refunding of the Disposal Tax Refund criteria
• Biological Treatment of Net Biowaste
2004 2011 2015€/t €/t €/t
Biowaste (Organic Fraction of MSW)
Local authority performing separate collection
32,50 33,50 34,00
Green WasteLocal authority performing separate collection
3,00
Home composting 20,- per unit 20,- per unit
Community composting 60,- per unit 60,- per unit
Local authority that has installed composting units
Type of activity Beneficiary
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40 The Role of Environmental Taxes Applied to Municipal Solid Waste
Refunding of the Disposal Tax
Positive Steering Instrument
• Incentive for Separate Collection
• Incentive for biological treatment of Biowaste
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41 41 23/10/2014
More information
Biological treatment and separate collection of Biowaste http://www.regions4recycling.eu/upload/public/Good-Practices/GP_ARC_Biowaste-collection.pdf Waste disposal tax http://www.regions4recycling.eu/upload/public/Good-Practices/GP_ARC_Disposal-tax.pdf
Separate Collection of MSW in Catalonia http://residus.gencat.cat/en/ambits_dactuacio/recollida_selectiva/index.html
MSW Statistics in Catalonia http://estadistiques.arc.cat/ARC/
Door-to-Door Collection
ASSOCIATION OF CATALAN MUNICIPALITIES FOR DOOR-TO-DOOR COLLECTION http://www.portaaporta.cat/en/index.php
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THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION! and
special thanks to the colleagues of the Organic Waste Management Department
of ARC