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Selenium in Health and Disease
Cecilia A. Alamag MS Applied Nutrition
Institute of Human Nutrition and Food, College of Human Ecology, University of the Philippines,
College Los Baños, Laguna
CAALAMAG | Selenium in Health Disease
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OUTLINE
CAALAMAG | Selenium in Health Disease
I. INTRODUCTIONA. History and Chemical Background B. Sources C. Dietary RequirementsD. Biological Activity, Utilization and ExcretionE. FunctionsF. Laboratory AssessmentG. Deficiency and Toxicity
II. SELENIUM EFFECTS TO HUMAN HEALTHA. CancerB. Cardiometabolic HealthC. ArthritisD. HIVE. Reproductive Health
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HISTORY
CAALAMAG | Selenium in Health Disease
• integral part of the selenoenzyme cytoplasmic glutathione peroxidase (cGPX)
1817
1957
1973
• discovered by Jöns Jacob Berzelius• named after the Greek Moon
goddess Selene
• essential nutrient for normal growth and reproduction in animals
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CHEMICAL BACKGROUND
CAALAMAG | Selenium in Health Disease
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PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
CAALAMAG | Selenium in Health Disease
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SOURCES
CAALAMAG | Selenium in Health Disease
FoodMicrograms
(mcg)Brazil nuts, 1 oz 543Fast food fish sandwich, 1 89Halibut, baked, 1/2 fillet 74Tuna, canned, 3oz 68Oysters, raw, 3oz 56Rice, white, long grain, 1 cup 44Chicken, breast, baked, 3 oz 39Pie crust, 1 38Egg noodles, cooked, 1 cup 38Lobster, 3 oz 36Wheat germ, toasted, 1/4 cup 28Bagel, 1, 4-inch 27Sunflower seeds, 1/4 cup 25Egg, 1 16Bread, whole wheat, 1 slice 10Asparagus, cooked, 1cup 7Milk, 2% fat, 1 cup 6
Content of Selected Foods (Source: Krause’s Food and Nutrition Therapy. 12th ed)
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SOURCES
CAALAMAG | Selenium in Health Disease
These plants grow in selenium-rich soils
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DIETARY REQUIREMENTS
CAALAMAG | Selenium in Health Disease
Nutrient Reference Values
Micrograms
EAR 45
RDA 55
RENI 31
UL 400
EAR 70, 60
RDI 60, 50
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BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY & METABOLISM
CAALAMAG | Selenium in Health Disease
• Selenomethionine• Plant Source• Supplied with food
BIOAVAILABLE/ ABSORBABLE
• Selenocysteine• Selenomethionine• Selenite
FORMS
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BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY & METABOLISM
CAALAMAG | Selenium in Health Disease
ANTAGONIST• Sulfur• Arsenic• Mercury• Guar Gum• Vitamin C
ENHANCER• Protein• Vitamin E• Vitamin A
BODY CONCENTRATION• Red Blood Cells• Liver• Heart• Nails• Tooth Enamel• Renal Cortex• Pituitary Gland• Thyroid Gland• Adrenals• Spleen• Testes & Ovaries
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METABOLISM & EXCRETION
CAALAMAG | Selenium in Health Disease
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FUNCTIONS
CAALAMAG | Selenium in Health Disease
Anti-oxidant activity and glutathione synthesis
Hydroperoxides are toxic product of various oxidative processes and potentially harmful oxidizing agent.
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FUNCTIONS
CAALAMAG | Selenium in Health Disease
Immune Function
• increased production of interferon and other cytokines γ• T cell proliferation• increase in T helper cells
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FUNCTIONS
CAALAMAG | Selenium in Health Disease
Thyroid activity: deiodinases
deiodinating T4 and T3conversion of T4 to T3
Type I deiodinase
Type II deiodinase
Type III deiodinase
responsible for T4 conversion to T3 in the brain
responsible for deactivating T4 and T3
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LABORATORY ASSESSMENT
CAALAMAG | Selenium in Health Disease
Typically measured in:• Plasma• Serum• Whole blood• Amniotic fluid• Urine• Hair and toenails
Serum: 50-150 g/LμWhole blood: 60-240 g/LμHair: 0.2-1.4 μg/gramUrine: 15-150 μg/L
Fluorometry
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DEFICIENCY AND TOXICITY
CAALAMAG | Selenium in Health Disease
Keshan Disease Kashin-Beck Diseasegrowth retardationcataract formationlack of spermatogenesis abnormal placental retentioncardiomyopathymuscle inflammationenhanced skin pallor
Deficiency Toxicitygarlic odor on the breathgastrointestinal disordershair losssloughing of nailsFatigueIrritabilityneurological damageincreased risk of type 2 diabetes
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SELENIUM EFFECTS TO HUMAN HEALTH
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CANCER
CAALAMAG | Selenium in Health Disease
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CANCER
CAALAMAG | Selenium in Health Disease
induce DNA repair and synthesis in damaged cells
inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells
In 1996, Clark et al. made a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial involving 1312 patients who have history of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.
Individuals in the treatment arm were given 200 mg Se/day for a mean of 4.5 years (average daily intake in the U.S. is about 100 mg).
Patients receiving the Se-yeast supplement showed a much lower prevalence of developing and dying from lung, colon or prostate cancer.
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CARDIOMETABOLIC HEALTH
CAALAMAG | Selenium in Health Disease
oxidative stress from free radicals
heart disease
Selenium is one of a group of antioxidants that may help limit the oxidation of LDL cholesterol and thereby help to prevent coronary artery disease.
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CARDIOMETABOLIC HEALTH
CAALAMAG | Selenium in Health Disease
In the Flemish Study on Environment Genes and Health Outcomes, higher blood selenium concentrations were associated with lower systolic and diastolic BP levels at baseline and with a lower risk of hypertension over 5.2 years of follow-up among men.
In a cross-sectional study conducted in Finland, a population with low selenium status at the time of the study, serum selenium was also inversely related to systolic BP levels in 722 middle-aged men.
In the HDL-Atherosclerosis Treatment Study (HATS) trial, selenium (100 mg/d) was administered along with vitamin E (800 IU/d), vitamin C (1000 mg/d), and b-carotene (25 mg/d), with no effect on BP levels during three years of follow-up (Brown 2001 as cited by Stranges 2010).
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REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
CAALAMAG | Selenium in Health Disease
Testicular tissue contains high concentrations of selenium.
Selenium is essential for testosterone biosynthesis and the formation and normal development of spermatozoa.
Phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx/GPx4) and Selenoprotein P
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REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
CAALAMAG | Selenium in Health Disease
The study in 1984 by Bleau et al50 reported an optimal range between 50 and 60 mcg/mL in semen and a positive correlation between sperm count and semen selenium concentration in 125 men from couples being investigated for infertility.
In Scotland, a placebo-controlled randomized control trial (RCT) of 64 men demonstrated that sperm quality and fertility improved after selenium supplementation.
Three small studies, from Poland and the United States, supplementing (200-300 mg/d) with selenite, selenium-enriched yeast, or diets naturally high in selenium reported that, although semen selenium concentrations increased, there were no positive effects on sperm characteristics or activity.
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CONCLUSION
CAALAMAG | Selenium in Health Disease
As a Nutritionist, would you suggest Selenium Supplementation?