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Seed banks and world food
security
John Wasswa Mulumba
Plant Genetic Resources Centre
NARO
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How to meet present and future food
demands?
• Population est. to increase to > 9 b. by 2050
• World’s agricultural production must increase
by at least 70%
• Limited availability of new land for agriculture
• 70% of the increase in cereal production alone
will need to come from increased yields
• Largely achievable by exploring genetic
variability in seed (germplasm)
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What are the three categories of
plants important for food and
agriculture?
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Modern varieties
•Developed by
breeders
•Uniform
•High yielding
•Pest and disease
resistance
•Marketable
•Narrow genetic
base
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Farmer varieties
•Developed by
farmers
•Variable and diverse
•Wide genetic base
•Low input
•Adapted to micro-
environments
•Special to small-scale
farmers
•Source of breeding
material for breeders
•Continue evolving on-
farm
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Wild relatives of
crops
•In the wilderness
•Source of genes
for crop
improvement
•Continue adapting
to change
•Link to ancestral
homes of crops
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Wild food plants
•Over 10,000 spp
edible
•Only a handful
developed to
commercial scale
•Five crops provide
over 80 % of calories
•Could be future crops
•Domestication
process
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Challenges to the three categories
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Challenges to modern varieties
• Development process discards a lot of genes
• Uniformity increases vulnerability to new
enemies
• Wide scale cultivation corresponds to wide
scale potential for damage
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Challenges to farmer varieties
• Less productive
• Face continuous displacement by modern
varieties
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• Challenges to wild relatives
•Natural Ecosystem
destruction
•Little recognition
•Climate change
effects
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• Challenges to wild food
plants
Ecosystem destruction
Climate change
Lack of R&D efforts
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Opportunities
• Increasing biological constraints
• Increasing population
• Increasing demands for food diversification
• Increasing poor nutrition (urban poor and
‘rich’) due to poor eating habits
• Increasing/changing market opportunities
• Call for diverse base of crop diversity to fall
back to
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Role of a Genebank
• To ensure the safety and security of crop
diversity for present and future generations.
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Functions of Genebanks
• Exploration & status assesment
• Collection of germplasm
• Conservation
• Safety duplication
• Describe the germplasm (characterization)
• Test germplasm (preliminary evaluation)
• Generate knowledge about germplasm
• Document all info
• Avail germplasm and info to users
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Exploration & status assessment
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Germplasm collection
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Processing
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Conservation
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Safety duplication
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Germplasm descriptionphenotypic and molecular
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Germplasm evaluation
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Knowledge generation
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Relationship between richness and Weighted Damage I ndex (WDI = 0-100) –Common bean in Uganda (Mulumba et al., 2012)
Black sigatoka Weevils
ALS Anthracnose
Richness Richness
Simpson (evenness) Simpson (evenness)
In times of higher disease incidence
(Anthracnose) higher relationship of varietal
diversity with reduced damage
Higher variety richness/evenness – less variance in damage: a risk minimizing
argument for crop variety diversity in the production system
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ALS severity scores for the ten least and 10 most i nfected varieties (Field)
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Documentation
Key:
O. eichingeri
Kampala
O. longistaminata O.punctata
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HH4 Jane
Kiiza
HH6 Sarah
Bebwa
HH3 Miliam
Muheirwe
HH7 Peruth
Rutundu HH10 Dina
Mugarasi
HH11
Enid B.
HH12Jane
siririHH8 Jowelia
Mulezi
HH1 -Juliet
Katunda
HH9 Lydia
Bantu
HH14 Kerodonia
R.
HH5
HH15
Brenda R.
HH2 E.
Muhumuza
Sanyu
J.
Handagana
Kisoso
Byarugaba
KatungiaMrs. Baker
Kyambeishikyi
Kadiya K.
John Night
Elinah
Donozio K
Jovia N
Nathan
B Jane M
Zebia M.
Beyanga
Silvia
M
Tobi
HH13
Mary M.
Seed flow in Nyamirima village, Kabwohe site
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Awareness & Knowledge sharing
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Availing germplasm to users
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Types of Genebanks
• Community-based
• Institutional
• National
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characteristics
• Community Genebank
•Based in a
community
•Managed by
community
•Directly serves
community
•Based on simple seed
preservation
approaches
•Monitors variety
dynamics in a
community
•Small range of crops
•Short-term seed
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Characteristics
• National Genebank
•National mandate
•Wide range of crops
•Applies high management standards
•Seed viability up to 50 years
•Has both active and base collection
•Distributes seed to all users
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National Genebank National Genebank
PackagingPackaging
Germination testingGermination testing
Moisture contentMoisture content
Storage for DistributionStorage for Distribution
ReceptionReception
CleaningCleaning
Documentation unit
Genebank
Registration
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Conclusion
• Genebanks are central in the transformation
of agriculture and ensuring world food
security for today and the future