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Section 2 - Types of Reactions
• Classify 5 major types.• Predict the products• For some, we will be able to predict whether
or not they will happen at all.
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How to recognize which type• Look at the reactants:
A + B AB Combination (Synthesis)
AB A + B Decomposition
AX + B A + BX Single Replacement
AX + BY AY + BX Double replacement
CxHy + O2 CO2 + H2O Combustion
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Combination (Synthesis)
• A + B AB
• H2 + O2 H2O
• Ca +O2 ® CaO
• SO3 + H2O ® H2SO4
• We can predict the products if the reactants are two elements.
• Mg + N2 ® ____
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Decomposition• To break apart
• AB A + B• H2O H2 + O2
• one reactant breaks apart into two or more elements or compounds.
• NaCl Na + Cl2 • CaCO3 CaO + CO2
• Note that energy (heat, sunlight, electricity, etc.) is usually required
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Combination
Mg + O2 ®
Na + Cl2 ®
Decomposition
H2O ®
HgO ®
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Single-Replacement Reaction• A + BX AX + B• One element replaces another
• Reactants must be an element and a compound.
• Products will be a different element and a different compound.
• Na + KCl ® K + NaCl• F2 + LiCl ® LiF + Cl2
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Single-Replacement Reaction
• Only more reactive metals can replace a metal already in solution.
• The activity series (p. 333) lists the relative reactivity of metals.
• Higher on the list replaces lower metals.
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The Activity Series of the Metals Lithium Potassium Calcium Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Zinc Chromium Iron Nickel Lead Hydrogen Bismuth Copper Mercury Silver Platinum Gold
1) Metals can replace other metals provided that they are above the metal that they are trying to replace.• The single metal is above
the metal in the compound• If it isn’t, there is no reaction
2) Metals above hydrogen can replace hydrogen in acids.
3) Metals from lead upward can replace hydrogen in water.
Higher activity
Lower activity
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Double-Replacement Reaction• Two things replace each other.• AX + BY AY + BX
• NaOH + FeCl3 ® Fe(OH)3 + NaCl– Reactants must be two ionic compounds.– Usually in aqueous solution
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Double Replacement• Has certain “driving forces”
–Will only happen if one of the products:
a) doesn’t dissolve in water and forms a solid (a “precipitate”), or
b) is a gas that bubbles out, or
c) is a molecular compound (usually water).
• CaCl2 + NaOH
• KOH + Fe(NO3)3
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Complete and Balance
• CaCl2 + NaOH
• KOH + Fe(NO3)3
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Single-Replacement
Zn + H2SO4 ®
KBr +Cl2 ®
Double Replacement
AgNO3 + NaCl ®
Mg(OH)2 + H2SO3 ®
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Combustion Reaction• Means “add oxygen”• CxHy + O2 CO2 + H2O
• Normally, a compound composed of only C, H, (and maybe O) is reacted with oxygen – usually called “burning”
• If the combustion is complete, the products will be CO2 and H2O.
• If the combustion is incomplete, the products will be CO (or possibly just C) and H2O.
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Combustion Reaction Examples
• C4H10 + O2 ® H2O + CO2
• C4H10 + O2 ® H2O + CO
• C6H12O6 + O2 ® (complete)
• C8H8 +O2 ® (incomplete)
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Combustion (complete)
C6H12O6 + O2
C3H8 + O2