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SECRETS OF SECRETS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM THE SOLAR SYSTEM
SS33--0606Wladimir (Wlad) LyraWladimir (Wlad) Lyra
Brian LevineBrian Levine
AMNH After-School ProgramAMNH After-School Program
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Outline
Giant Planets– Latest missions– Rings
Terrestrial Planets– Atmospheres– Surfaces
The Earth-Moon system– Tidal Locking
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Mission to Jupiter: Galileo
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Mission to Saturn: Cassini
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Cassini orbiting Saturn
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Ringshine
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Planetary Rings
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Planetary Rings
Galileo's drawing, 1610.
“I do not know what to say in a case so surprising, so unlooked for, so novel.”
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Planetary Rings
Huygens's drawings, 1659.
“Saturn is surrounded by a thin flat disk, nowhere touching the planet”
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Planetary Rings
Other drawings from the 17th century
Galileo, 1610
Gassendi, 1634
Fontana, 1646
Riccioli, 1648
Huygens, 1655
Cassini, 1676
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Planetary Rings
What are these rings???
Solid? Liquid? Particulate?
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Planetary Rings
Maxwell's proof
James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879)
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Planetary Rings
Maxwell's proof There are some questions in Astronomy, to which we are attracted
rather on account of their peculiarity, […] than from any direct advantage which their solution would afford to mankind.
[…] I am not aware that any practical use has been made of Saturn's Rings […]
But when we contemplate the Rings from a purely scientific point of view, they become the most remarkable bodies in the heavens. [..] When we have actually seen that great arch swung over the equator of the planet without any visible connection, we cannot bring out minds to rest. […] We must explain its motion on the principles of mechanics.
[...]60 pages of calculations
[...]
[…] We conclude, therefore, that the rings must consist of disconnected particles; these may be either solid or liquid, but they must be independent. […] The final result, therefore, of the mechanical theory is, that the only system of rings which can exist is one composed of an indefinite number of unconnected particles, revolving around the planet with different velocities according to their respective distances.
Maxwell's proof
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Planetary Rings
Why only Saturn has rings?
Carl Sagan
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Rings of Uranus
Occultations Uranus occults a star
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Rings of Uranus
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Rings of Jupiter
A very faint ring systemdiscovered by Voyager 1.
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Rings of Jupiter
Viewed with Keck, with a methane filter.
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Rings of Neptune
A very faint ring system, similar to Jupiter's ringsdiscovered by Voyager 2.
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Rings of Neptune
Arcs!!!
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Ring Systems
Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune
Fine, diffuse dust,very dark.
Icy boulders,very bright.
Rocky boulders,dark.
Pebbles (?)Dark and reddish (?)
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Tides
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Tides
The side closer to the Moon experiences a greater pull than the side further out.
The effective result is adifferential force
we call Tidal Force.
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Roche Limit
Limit where the tidal force is stronger than the internal forces
holding the body together
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All ring systems are inside their planet's Roche limit
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Ring formation: Competing theories
1). Moon that got too close 2). Leftover material that could not coalesce into moons
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Terrestrial Planets
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Terrestrial Planets
Iron-Nickel core
Silicate-rich hot mantle
Silicate-rich cold crust
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Mercury – The Iron Planet
Extreme outlier!!
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A naked metal ball
Mercury's core accounts for 60% of the planet's mass.
A collision probably stripped the silicate mantle, leaving just the iron core behind.
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Another giant collision in Mercury
Caloris Basin
Typical Mercurian terrain
“Weird Terrain” at Caloris' antipode
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Travelling seismic waves
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Venus – Earth's twin
Similar mass and radius.
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Venus – Earth's evil twin
Very different surface and atmosphere
Pressure at surface: 92 atmospheresTemperature at surface: 736 K
A crushing thick atmosphere, and temperatures high enough to melt lead
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Two worlds, so similar, yet so different!
Why??
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The Habitable Zone
Earth is within the habitable zone.Venus is not.
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Water loss
Venus is thought to having had as much water as the Earth.
But Venus is too hot to retain it.
Venus Express found evidenceof the solar wind stripping away water from Venus' atmosphere.
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Runaway greenhouse
On Earth, rain washes carbon from the atmosphere to the surface, where it gets dissolved in the oceans,
and ends up as sedimentary rock.
In Venus, the lack of water and tectonicsmeans that there is no regulated carbon cycle.
All carbon ends up in the atmosphere, whichis more than 95% C0
2!!
Subduction brings the carbon to the mantle.
Volcanoes bring it back to the atmosphere.
Massive resulting greenhouse effect makes Venus hotter
than Mercury!
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Clouds of Sulphuric AcidClouds of Sulphuric Acid
CO2 CO + O→
SO2 + O SO→
3
SO3 + H
2O H→
2SO
4
Clouds of Sulphuric Acid
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Mars – The Red Planet
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Mars is actually inside the habitable zone
But Mars is too small !!
Atmospheric pressure is too weak to sustain liquid water
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Evidence of a balmy past
A dry river delta An ancient riverbed
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How ancient Mars may have looked like
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The question is not if Mars had water.
For it cleary had.
But how long did Mars “wet phase” last?
And... where did the water go?
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The Earth-Moon system
The Moon is a freaky big satellite compared to its parent planet
The Earth-Moon system is easily seen as a double star from Mars
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Earth's giant satellite
The Moon rivalizes in size with the satellites of the giant planets
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Formation
Giant impact with Mars-mass body Accretion from debris in orbit
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Why do we always see the same hemisphere of the Moon?
Moon's near side Moon's far side
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Tidal locking
Earth's bulk rotates once a day.
Tidal bulge rotates with the Moon's orbital period: once a month.
GENERATES FRICTION
Works as a brake that slows down Earth's rotation
The process will continue until Earth's rotational period
equals the orbital period of the Moon.
(The Earth has already tidally locked the Moon long ago.)