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Secret Lives of Gall
Makers
Whitney Cranshaw
Colorado State University
Denver, CO | February 5 - 7, 2020
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Gall: An abnormal plant growth
caused by the action of insects or
other organisms
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Crown Gall
(Bacterium)
Black Knot of Cherry
(Fungus)
Some Plant
Pathogens
Produce Gall-like
Growths
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Juniper-Hawthorn Rust
(Fungus)
Juniper Stages
Fruiting
structures of Rust
Fungi can have
unusual forms
Juniper States
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Primary Groups of Gall Making
Arthropods in Colorado
• Gall-making aphids
• Psyllids
• Eriophyid mites
• Gall midges
• Gall wasps
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Some New Words
• Cecidology – the study of galls
produced by insects, fungi, mites
and other organisms
• Cecidogen – a substance that can
produce a gall
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How do insects and mites produce
galls in plants?
• Selective wounding of growing tissues
produces cellular changes
• Introduction of chemicals (cecidogen)
that cause cellular changes
Important Note: Gall production
results from effects on actively
growing (meristematic) tissues
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Figure courtesy of Karsten Schonrogge
Would a leaf curl
be considered a
gall?
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Leafcurl Injuries
Default Diagnosis: Produced by aphid feeding
on emergent growth, producing distortion
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Black Cherry
Aphid
Myzus cerasi
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Hawthorn
Chokecherry
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Honeysuckle Witches’ Broom Aphid Injury
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Green Peach
Aphid
Damage
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Leafcurl Plum Aphid
Brachycaudus helichrysi
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Snowball Aphid Injury
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Leafcurl Ash
Aphid Injury
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Figure courtesy of Karsten Schonrogge
Open galls are produced by insects
(and mites) with sucking mouthparts.
These form when the plant responds
to the feeding of the gallmaker by
producing a growth that surrounds
the insect.
Aphids
Psyllids
Eriophyid mites
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Figure courtesy of Karsten Schonrogge
Closed galls are producing by
gall-making insects with chewing
mouthparts.
Eggs inserted into tissues and
the developing larvae develop
within the plant.
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Gall-Making Aphids
• Adelgidae (adelgids)
–Associated with conifers
–Host alternation common
• Eriosomatinae (“woolly aphids”)
–Associated with deciduous plants
–Host alternation common
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Adelgids
Hemiptera: Adelgidae
The “woolly aphids” on conifers
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Cooley Spruce Gall - Produced by the Cooley
Spruce Gall Aphid (Adelgid)
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Cooley spruce gall
adelgid – Woolly
aphid form
associated with
Douglas-fir
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Aphids
Hemiptera:
Aphididae
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Pemphigus spp. galls on Populus
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Pemphigus spp. galls on Populus
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Poplar Petiolegall Aphid(Pemphigus populitransversus)
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Summer hosts of
Pemphigus spp.
are roots of
herbaceous
plants
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PsyllidsFamily Psyllidae
Common symptom: Swelling of leaf
at feeding site.
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Hackberry nipplegall
psyllid
Photograph by Jim Kalisch,
University of Nebraska
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Hackberry blistergall psyllid
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Overwintered adults
return to the new
growth in spring to lay
eggs
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Hackberry nipplegall psyllid
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Mixture of blistergalls and nipplegalls
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Psyllids make
many kinds of
galls on hackberry
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Eriophyid Mites
Acari: Eriophyoidea
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Eriophyid mites
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Rust Mite Injuries
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Blistergalls (top)
Pouchgalls (bottom)
Erineum (top)
Fingergalls (bottom)
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Blistergalls
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Phot courtesy Elizabeth Beers
Photo courtesy H. Riedl
Pearleaf blister
mite
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Photo courtesy R.S. Blyther Photo courtesy Just Another Weed Patch
Farm
Walnut leaf
blistergall mite
A transition symptom to what
might be called a “pouchgall”
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Pouchgalls or
bladdergalls
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Pouchgall on boxelder
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Pouchgalls on Oregon ash
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Pouchgall on aspen
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Pouch-type gall from
grape erienum mite
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Bladdergalls on
willow
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Maple bladdergall mite
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Maple bladdergall mite
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Fingergalls
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Fingergalls on
maple
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Fingergalls on
littleleaf linden
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Fingergalls on
chokecherry
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Fingergalls on American plum
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Erieneum producing
eriophyid mites
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Erinea on maples
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Cranberrybush
viburnum
erineum
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Erinea
associated with
pouchgall of
boxelder
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Erineum associated
with pouchgall of
aspen
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Grape erienum mite
Upper leaf surface
Lower leaf surface
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Erineum on aspen leaf
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Distortion of
flowering
structures
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Ash flowergall mite
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Cottonwood
catkingall mite
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Generally
disorganized
growths
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Poplar budgall
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Various Trisecatus
species are
associated with
distortions of
conifers
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Undescribed species of eriophyid mite
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Bindweed
Mite:Biological
Control Aid for
Field Bindweed
Bob Hammon
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Gall MidgesDiptera: Cecidomyiidae
Common symptoms:
Swelling and/or
stunting of leaf growth
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Honeylocust
Podgall Midge
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Adults lay eggs
on emerging
leaflets.
There are
multiple
generations
produced
annually.
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A larva and two
pupae of the
honeylocust
podgall midge
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Pinyon Spindlegall Midge
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Adults emerge
coincident with new
growth of the following
June
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Gouty veingall midge of boxelder
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Larvae of ash midrib gall midge
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Juniper tipgall midge
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Willow conegall
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Wreath made of willow conegalls (David Leatherman)
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Chokecherry fruitgall midge
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Poplar Twiggall
Produced by the
poplar twiggall fly,
Hexomyza schineri
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Poplar Twiggall
Fly
Above: Adult
Top right: Adult resting on
leaf
Right: Leaf tatters symptom
produced by feeding
(oviposition punctures)
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Top: Ovipositing adult
Upper Right: Oviposition
wound in early stage gall
Right: Early stage galls
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Cumulative effects
of galling (left),
new galls (below
left) and cross-
section of gall
(below)
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Old poplar twiggall damage in forest near Salida
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Gall WaspsHymenoptera: Cynipidae
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Translucent oak
gall
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Jumping
oak galls
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Upper side
of leaf –
raised
bumps
Under side
of leaf –
fuzzy balls
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Mossy rose
galls
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This photo series courtesy of Ken Gray
Collection/Oregon State University
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Bulletgalls on oak
twigs
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Most gall wasps on oak have two generations
that produce two different types of galls
Disholcaspus quercusmamma Callirhytis flavipes
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Oak rough bulletgall wasp
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Stunting produced
by oak rough
bulletgall wasp
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Old Story
Adults emerge from
galls in mid-October
to mid-November
and lay eggs in
buds…….
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The eggs from this
hatch in spring to
produce a generation
within a budgall
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A spring stage gall is
produced. Adults from this
lay eggs in the growing stems
of branches.
Spring stage
adults are much
smaller than
those observed
in fall
Spring stages
consist of both
males and
females
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A spring stage gall is
produced. Adults from this
lay eggs in the growing stems
of branches.
Spring stage adults lay
eggs in the emergent
twig growth.
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New galls begin to erupt in late spring/early summer.
They become full-sized by late summer.
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These galls exude honeydew
Photograph by Crystal Cooke
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The honeydew on
the galls attracts
many kinds of
insects
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Oak rough bulletgalls produce a sweet exudate
that is are attractive wasps
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A Collage Made of Galls from Oak Twigs
Artist: Crystal Cooke
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An interesting gall wasp-
woodpecker interaction
on bur oak
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The gall wasp Callirhytis flavipes develops under
the bark of twigs branches, and the trunks of oak
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They are small and develop within
small chambers. There are dozens
of these chambers in the above
photo.
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Downy woodpeckers
work the bark and
extract the developing
gall wasp larvae in
winter and early spring
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This can result in
extensive debarking of
trunks, branches
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This can lead to
dieback of limbs and
the upper trunk
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After this gall wasp emerges from the trunks//branches, it moves to new
leaves. The summer generation develops within an irregularly shaped gall of
the midrib.
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Gall Insect Management
• Carefully assess the actual
damage
–Overestimation of effects is
typical; Gall production typically
looks worse than it is
–Only developing tissues can be
transformed to galls
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Only actively growing
tissues are “gallable”
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Do they overwinter on the
plant?
Dormant season sprays can
usually be effective
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They are in this stage today,
and through the next couple of
months. Very easy to kill with
most anything now (If you want
to do that.)
Wait too long and you have
800 eggs or nymphs to kill.
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Spruce recovery from Cooley spruce gall injury –
insects killed by soil-applied imidacloprid
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Do they overwinter off the
plant?
Treatments should
coincide with egg laying
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Hackberry psyllids –
eggs laid on emergent
foliage
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Honeylocust podgall
midge – eggs are laid
on newly emerging
leaflets (multiple
generations)
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Pinyon spindlegall
midge – eggs are
laid at base of newly
emerging needles in
June
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One group of gall makers that is
never well controlled with
insecticides
Gall wasps on
woody parts of the
plant
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Ready….
Set….
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Go Home!
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This presentation will be posted at
the Insect Information Website
• Housed at Department of
Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest
Management
– Search “BSPM CSU”
• Within “Entomology”
• “Insect Information”
– Extension presentations are posted at the
bottom of the page, most recent at end
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Thank you!
Denver, CO | February 5 - 7, 2020
For more information on Colorado Insects check out the
CSU Insect Information Website
For more information on Hemp Insects check out the CSU
Hemp Insect Website