Seasonal Livelihood Seasonal Livelihood
Programming(SLP) Programming(SLP) for effective for effective
Response: Case of C/FFA in Response: Case of C/FFA in
KenyaKenyaKenyaKenya
Regional FSNWG, Dec 13, 2012Regional FSNWG, Dec 13, 2012
NairobiNairobi
14/12/2012
Key ElementsLivelihood:
� Capabilities, assets (natural, social, human, financial and physical)
and activities required for a means of living.
Seasonality:
� Characteristic of time series that relates to understanding the time
in which different events occur that will affect or impact on
livelihood systems in typical, bad and good years.livelihood systems in typical, bad and good years.
Seasonal livelihood programming:
� The approach, or way in which seasonal and livelihood aspects are
combined to identify the most appropriate and complementary
range of interventions throughout the year, taking into account
what programmes can be conducted when, by whom, and for which
objectives.
Combining Seasonality and Livelihoods in
Resilience Building programming� Different rationales for different objectives
� Assets creation/ resilience building will be more effective and
greater success is ensured
� Participation in C-FFA programmes will not have negative impacts
on livelihoods
� Different population groups would be able to access programmes
at different times based on gender, and/or labour availability and
existing workload
� Different C-FFA interventions could improve livelihoods and
reduce hardships faced by women and girls.
� Different transfer modalities can be employed
Kitui: Typical YearMonths October November December January February March April May June July August September
Rain seasons Short Rains - Mbua ya Nzwa (Main Season) High amounts, good distribution in time and space Long Rains - Mbua ya Uiwa (low amounts, poorly distributed)
Dry season Very hot period Very hot, dry and windy
Cold season Cold and dry
Pasture Plenty of pasture Pasture depleted faster in the lowlands where there is plenty of livestock
Land preparation 2nd land preparation Main land preparation and early planting.
Planting (Rain fed) All crops - main season Especially green grams & cowpeas
Offseason planting (Irrigated) Planting of vegetables along valleys of main Rivers like Athi, Tana Vegetables: main crop cultivated
Weeding (Manual) Major crops Vegetables
Maize MAIN HARVEST Minor harvest
Pulses Beans, cowpeas, greegrams Beans, cowpeas, greengrams Pigeon peas
Sorghum and millet Sorghum and millet
Cotton
Fruits (Mangoes) Mangoes
Maize Highest prices - when farmers are buying seeds for planting Lowest prices - plenty in the market immediately after harvest, all of it is from local production
Pulses (Beans, cowpeas,) High Prices Lowest prices - plenty in the market immediately after harvest, all of it is from local production High prices
Pulses (Greengrams) Highest Lowest Highest
Pulses (Pigeon peas,) Highest - Lots of pigeon peas is exported to Mombasa thus creating scarcity in the local market Lowest
Sorghum and millet Highest Lowest
Cotton Highest
Woodlots Poles, timber harvested
Cattle Prices - peak
Shoats & Poultry Peak Lowest - as more people sell them to pay for school fees
Remittances Peak - due to hunger, farm inputs, festivities and school fees
Honey sales Peak - production because of water avialability Peak prices
Services (Transport - Bodaboda) Business volume good - Transport increases leading to festivities
Milk sales
Meat sales Christmas Easter
Sale of crop products Pigeon peas Mangoes Maize, Beans Pigeon peas
Small business trade Volumes high in major towns
Skilled labour waged - seasonal - artisans, carpenters, etc though skilled they have no full time jobs
Kitui County - Typical Year
Skilled labour waged - seasonal - artisans, carpenters, etc though skilled they have no full time jobs
Unskilled labour Maid services Watchmen, messengers, cooks
Labour demand (men) Terrcing, bricks,
Labour demand (women) Land preparation, planting, paddocking, reseeding
Access to markets No problem accesing markets
Calving for cattle Cattle calving
Kidding and lambing Kiddind lambing Kidding and lambing
Milk availability Because there's plenty of pastures and water
Livestock sales
Livestock prices High - Leading to holidays High- Leading to Easter holidays
Livestock diseases CCPP, CBPP, Newcastle
Livestock vaccination Livestock vaccination
Chicken diseases Newcastle Newcastle Newcastle
Pigeon peas
Cowpeas, Greengrams, Beans Aphids, army worms
Sorghum and millet Weaver birds Weaver birds and queleur
Fruits (Mangoes) Fruit flies Powdery mildew
Maize Squirrels, Guinea fowlsStoke borer Headsmut Storage pests: weevils, GGB,
Pests and diseases (Irrigated) Vegetables most affected by aphids,
Worms Peak infestation Peak infestation
Charcoal burning High prices - less engaged Lowest prices - mass production
Veterinary services and medicine
School fees and related expenditure
Drugs and medical assistance
Entertainment and celebrations Christmas Easter Weddings, Circumcision
Agriculture expenditure Farm inputs Harvesting expenses
Best time for women Less labor/ Some food left from harvest
Best time for men Less challenges, fees paid, plenty of food after harvest
Malnutrition Related to water shortage
Water access High scarcity
Food expenditure peak Most expenditure, prices are high, food preferences change for festivities
Human diseases Malaria, typhoid, dysentry
Food prices (Maize) High Prices
Food prices (Pulses) High Prices
Hunger gap Moderate Moderate
Protection: Labor/ food Resilience/development: Labor based cash programs Protection: Labor/
foodDevelopment
Assistance types
Kitui: Bad yearKITUI County - Bad Year
Months October November December January February March April May June July August September
Rainy season Mbua ya Nzwa (Short Rains) Mbua ya Uiwa -(Long Rains)
Dry season Very hot dry season Very hot, dry and windy season
Cold season Cold and dry
Pasture Pasture availability No pasture Peak in pasture availability
Land preparation Second preparation Main land preparation
Planting (Rain fed) All crops - main season (Still planting as they hope for rain) Green grams & cowpeas
Offseason planting (Irrigated) Planting of vegetables along valleys of main seasonal rivers. Decreases some. Vegetables main crop as market offering better prices
Weeding (Manual) Major crops Vegetables
Maize No harvest Minor
Pulses Beans, cowpeas, greegrams Beans, cowpeas, greengrams Pegion peas
Sorghum and millet
Cotton
Fruits (Mangoes) Harvest of mangoes: For consumption and income
Pigeon peas No crop
Maize High prices Lowest prices - plenty in the market immediately after harvest, all of it is from local production
Pulses Beans, cowpeas, greengrams, pigeon peas Highest Lowest prices - plenty in the market immediately after harvest, all of it is from local productionLowest High prices
Sorghum and millet Highest Lowest
Cotton Highest
Woodlots Poles, timber harvested
Cattle Prices - peak
Cattle Prices are extremely low - poor body condition Prices - peak, less livestock will be available in the market as farmers hold onto their stocks with the hope that rains will come
Shoats Prices are high (peak) - due to festivities i.e. Xmas.Sheep not popular due to cultural beliefs. However, people have slowly started appreciating thus slowly picking up Lowest - Lowest - as more people sell them to pay for school fees Low - depleted farm residue leads subsequent decline in body conditions
Poultry Peak sales - XmasLowest - Lowest - as more people sell them to pay for school fees Easter Lowest - Most affected by Newcastle disease
Donkey Prices - high
Remittances Peak - due to hunger, farm inputs, festivities and school fees
Honey sales High prices - limited availability Low - production as a result of lack of water Peak prices - high because of limited availability
Sand harvesting Peak - Less food. This is a coping strategy
Services (Transport - Bodaboda)
Milk sales Prices are high Price High - Imports from nearby
Meat sales Christmas Easter
Sale of crop products Pigeon peas Mangoes sales peak Maize, Beans Pigeon peas
Small business trade Small businesses increase to cope with failed rains High in major townsSmall business trade Small businesses increase to cope with failed rains High in major towns
Unskilled labour More unskilled labourers available for a longer period i.e. herdsman, househelps etc.
Labour demand (men) Men are engaged in farming and other activities though not as intensive during a typical year. Terracing, brick making
Labour demand (women) Land preparation, planting, paddocking, reseeding. Though engaged they have 3 hours to spare for other tasks every day
Construction (localised) Sand available (brick making)
Market access Markets remain operational though local farm produces reduce. In addition the level of business remains good
Calving for cattle However, there is high abortion and mortality for calves
Kidding and lambing
Milk availability Milk availbale but in low quantities
Livestock sales School fees Peak - Distress sales
Livestock prices Low prices High High Low: animals weak
Livestock diseases CCPP, CBPP, Newcastle High prevalence
Livestock vaccination Preventive vaccination
Chicken diseases Newcastle Fowl pox, Fowl typhoid, Newcastle - Its cold and dry, this is brought about during bird migrationNewcastle Newcastle Newcastle
Pests and diseases (Irrigated) Vegetables most affected by aphids, intensity increases
Cowpeas, Greengrams, Beans Aphids, army worms
Maize Squirrels, Guinea fowlsStoke borer Headsmut Storage pests: weevils, GGB,
Sorghum and millet Weaver birds Weaver birds and queleur
Fruits (Mangoes) Fruit flies Powdery mildew
Wild life menace Baboons, snakes Elephants in areas that border the Tsavo East national park
Migratory pests Quelier birds Army worms
Worms Peak infestation Peak infestation Deworming done
Veterinary services and medicine
School fees and related expenditure School fees and clothing
Drugs and medical assistance Water borne diseases Elder get sick
Entertainment and celebrations Christmas Easter Weddings/ Circumcision/Rituals
Agriculture expenditure Farm inputs, though they will be constrained Mangoes - harvesting
Food expenditure peak Most expenditure, prices are high, food preferences change for festivities
Charcoal burning High prices - less people involved in burning since most people are engaged in farming activities. High demand in external market i.e. Nairobi etc Lowest - mass production
Resource based conflict (Somali) Fight over scarce water and pasture
Worst time for women Weather is extremely hot and distances to water sources increases Women fetch water far away
Malnutrition No food/ no milk/ no vegetables
Water access Water access bad High scarcity (rivers/ pans dry)
Negative coping Strategies Worst time women Lack of cash in the household
Worst time for men Worst time men School fees demands Men must bring some food to HH
Human diseases Malaria, Typhoid, dysentry, water borne diseases
Food prices (Maize) Prices are high - due to high demand for seeds and food - they use seeds for food as well. However, the prices stabilizes but remains high after rains the demand drops a bit
Food prices (Pulses)
Hunger gap Onset of hunger gap. The little food received from available harvest is rationed. Reduction of number of meals, ration sizes and quality. Negative coping strategies. Some food from minor harvest
DevelopmentAssitance types
Protection: Labor based/ Food Protection: Labor based/ Food Protection: Labor based/ Food
Using SLP findings for FFA
Linking shocks, targeting, and livelihoods:
� Exposure to shocks and relevance to assistance objectives and targeting
� Refining targeting criteria for population groups
� Livelihood seasonality and programme entry points
Identifying intervention rationales and programmes types
� Building rationales and priority times for interventions
� Determining programme activities and timing
� Considerations when identifying FFA programmes
Positioning of FFA in broader programming
� Sequencing programmes
� Synthesizing programmes into national level planning
� Complementarities and coordination
Lessons Learnt� SLP helps in anticipating shocks, planning for timely immediate
response and long term development activities.
� Facilitates consultative participatory (with communities +partners)
in problem identification, analysis, and planning action, monitoring
and evaluation of activities.
� Gender mainstreaming in development; choice of activity
commensurate with availability.
� Promotes ownership of the projects and sustainability
� Helps in identification of possible milestoneS in community � Helps in identification of possible milestoneS in community
resilience building and sustainability.
� Creates a basis for pasrtnership based on comparative advantages
of the partners to address underlying challenges in the
communities.