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Sea turtles• Air breathing• Ectothermic (cold-
blooded) poikilotherms– Metabolism fluctuates
with the environment temp.
• Return to land for reproduction
• Scaled carapace fused to backbone
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• Not very diverse– 7 species
• Green– herbivores
• Hawksbill – feed on encrusting
organisms• Leatherbacks
– Largest (upto 2 m)– Feed on jellies
– Warm, tropical waters• Long migrations (e.g. 2200
km)• Vulnerable (see pg. 180)
– E.g. products, food, by-catch
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Sea snakes
• Tropical Indian & Pacific oceans
• Laterally compressed– E.g. Yellow-bellied sea
snake (Puerto Vallarta, Mex;
Costa Rica)
• Protective scales like terrestrial snakes
• Very venomous
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Marine lizards• Marine iguana
– Galapagos Islands– Laterally compressed tail– Herbivore– Salt excreting glands
around eyes (like many marine reptiles)
• Saltwater crocodile– Coastal & estuaries– Narrow snout– Aggressive carnivores– Farmed for skins
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Birds: seabirds & shorebirds • Homeothermic endotherms• Adaptations for flight & sea life
– Pneumatized bone (dense skull)
– Waterproof feathers– Webbed feet
• High metabolisms– Lots of food (fish & inverts)
• Diverse morphologies and environments
• Breed on land, typically monogamous pairs
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• Pelicans– Plunge, fill pouch with
fish
• Cormorants– Great divers,
swimmers– oily feathers; yet not
entirely waterproof
• Frigate birds– Long distance fliers
• Not very oily feathers
– Surface feeders
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Gulls, terns, & shorebirds• Gulls
– Predators, scavengers• Terns
– Surface fliers/plungers– Favor nesting sites
• Shorebirds– Lack web feet– diverse bills– Estuaries & coastal– E.g: plover, curlew, oyster
catcher
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Penguins
• Flightless; advanced swimming
• Denser bones• Subcutaneous fat• Antarctica mostly• Eat krill, fish, squid• Monogamous pairs
– Emperors: Lay a single egg in winter
• Male incubates on top of feet (64 days)
• Female collects food
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Class Mammalia
• Brain sizes are larger per pound of body weight than most other animals'
• Mammals have more efficient control over their body temperatures than do birds
• Hair provides insulation • Mammary glands provide milk
to nourish the young• Teeth are specialized for
cutting, shearing or grinding; thick enamel helps prevent teeth from wearing out
Marine mammals
• Well developed in comparison to other vertebrates– Branched from 5 ancestral
land mammals
• Oils, fat layers, blubber
• Viviparous; placental
• Very diverse feeding strategies and adaptations– Piscivores– Indiscriminate carnivores– Herbivores– Filter feeders
• baleen
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Order Pinnipedia• Shared terrestrial Carnivora
ancestor• Blubber
– Insulates, buoyancy, stored energy
• Breed on land• Seals
– Streamlined body, rear flippers good for swimming
• Sea lions– Flippers support body on land
and for swimming– External ears
• Walrus– Feed on bottom inverts– Deep divers– Tusks for defense and
anchoring (arctic ice)
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Sea OtterClass Mammalia, Order Carnivora, Family Musetlidae (river
otters, skunks, weasels)• Smallest marine mammal• Shallow coastal water• No blubber; two layers of
fur• Front limbs for prey
capture and manipulation• Feed on benthic inverts
– Typically bring to surface
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Polar BearsOrder Carnivora, Suborder Caniformia, Family Ursidae (bears)• Semiaquatic
– Good swimmers, travel miles on arctic ice, ice dens
• huge feet with heavy fur• Tremendous claws• White fur for camouflage.• Black skin for absorbing heat.• Hollow hair for reradiating and collecting heat.• Blubber for energy storage and protection
from the cold.• Incredible sense of smell
– locating food– locating each other for mating (pheromones)
• need to be able to come together in the vastness of the Arctic.
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Manatees & Dugongs
Order Sirenia Family Dugongidae (dugong
and sea cow)Dugong dugon (dugong)Hydrodamalis gigas (Stellar's sea cow)
Family Trichechidae (manatees)
• Elephant-like ancestor– Herbivorous; teeth– Bone structure– Thick skin– Nasal morphology– Pectoral mammaries
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Whales• Order Cetacea
– Whales, dolphins, porpoises
– Horizontal flukes– Top blowhole– Spend entire life in water– Toothed whales
• Carnivorous• Includes dolphins &
porpoises
– Toothless whales
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Baleen whales
• Filter feed with baleen plates (keratin)
• Two blowhole openings
• Surface feeders
– Right and Bowhead
• Rorquals
– Expandable throat to gulp large amounts of fish and krill
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Toothed whales
• Sperm whales• Orcas• Dolphins
– Beaked typically
• Porpoises– No or less beak
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