1. Science and Education in the nineteenth century Maria G. Mandourari

2. Reviews of Hershel, Lyell & Jones Put his views on science in a public forum beyond the scientific and university communities 3. Differences between Mill, Herschel and Whewell on epistemology Whewell: progress had been made since the early 1830s, when even the basic terms employed in the discussion of scientific method were insecure 4. Lyell and Geology Sir Charles Lyell (14 November 1797 22 February 1875) was a British lawyer and the foremost geologist of his day 5. Speak publicly on the most popular science of the day Publicity was the criterion of all progress but English geologists showed a strong suspicion of all generalities and hence it had been impossible for mere popular readers to acquire any distinct view of recent work in geology (Whewell 1831c, 180-3) Works which offered these theoretical speculations on the general points were hopelessly uninformed because they were not written by any good working geologist (Whewell 1831c - 183-4) 6. O Review of Lyell: vehicle for history of geology as a relatively new science. O Lyell had moved beyond descriptive, or phenomenal, geology O Lyell attempt an explanation of the passage from the geology and organic life of the penultimate era to that of the present, in order to show that apparent discontinuities could be accounted for by natural causes, such as the changing relation of sea to land. Thus fossils now embedded in mountains were formerly creatures living in the sea. 7. Political Economy O Review of Jones work An essay on the distribution of wealth and on the sources of taxation: Part1-rent (1831) O Jones was his close friend. O A close study of their letters from 1821, shows that they both saw the outcome of contemporary debates on political economy as crucial for a proper view of inductive philosophy and science. 8. Whewell: The prevailing school of political economy represented man as a mere instrument for the production of wealth Jones: economic activity in conjunction with social, moral and religious factors 9. Both Whewell and Jones: regarded the pronouncements of the Oxford logicians as a severe threat to their own attempt to explain the nature of inductive method to the public 10. Idea of Science in the reviews O Stressed the differences within science, showing that different disciplines were at various stages of development O Review of Herschels Discourse: hierarchy of sciences arranged according to maturity O Whewell did believe that progress was being made in geology, and that a geological dynamics, following the model of astronomy, might be possible (review of Lyell) 11. O Scientific: process and use of proper method O Underlining the distinctions between sciences O Difficult to present a unified concept of science at a public level 12. Somerville and the popularization of science Mary Fairfax Somerville (26 December 1780 28 November 1872) was a Scottish science writer and polymath, at a time when women's participation in science was discouraged. She studied mathematics and astronomy, and was the second woman scientist to receive recognition in the United Kingdom after Caroline Herschel 13. Whewell suggests that there were two different ways in which Physical Science may be made popularly intelligible and interesting substantive content discussed in terms of its broader relations and connections. 14. Unity of science Raised by Somerville Whewell place it within a wider agenda 15. SCIENCE AND THE CRISIS OF THE PUBLIC SPHERE O Review of Comtes Positive Philosophy in MacMillans Magazine was one of the last things he published O Doubts about the value of periodicals O Own reviews: to adjudicate new scientific theories - to promote itself 16. O Did not engage in the flurry of reviewing that followed the appearance of Roberts Chamberss anonymous Vestiges in 1844 O Saw the success of this book as an indication of the failure of scientific commentators in explaining good science to wider audiences