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SCIENCE 1206 – UNIT 1 –INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY
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ECOLOGY
The study of the interrelationships between organisms , and between those organisms and their environment.
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What are some natural resources, both RENEWABLE and NON-RENEWABLE, that are found on Earth? ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________
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Let’s pick one of these resources, the FISHERIES: How did people view the fisheries resource in
the past?
It was believed that fish was an UNLIMITED resource that could be EXPLOITED (i.e., take as much as you want).
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What HAPPENED historically to change the view?
1.Fish stocks depleted with overfishing
2.Advancements in Fishing Technology (ex: fishfinders, dragnets, big trawlers)
3.Scientific research led to greater understanding
What FACTORS do people consider when managing the fisheries industry TODAY?
Social Factors – culture, politics, values, needs
Economic Factors – industry, jobs
Environmental Factors – nature, beauty
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SUSTAINABILITY DIAGRAM
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SUSTAINABILITY
It means living WITHIN the EARTH’s LIMITS.
It means meeting the needs of the PRESENTwithout compromising the ability of the FUTURE to meet their needs.
Another name:
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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Blue Man Group – Earth to America
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QM-mfEMssy8
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Paradigm and Paradigm Shift PARADIGM
The way humans view the world.
PARADIGM SHIFT
A rare and significant change in the way humans view the world (i.e., a change in our paradigm!).
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Paradigm Shifts . . . Diagram:
Examples:
IDEA: SHAPE OF THE EARTH
PAST: The Earth is FLAT.
PRESENT: The Earth is ROUND.
IDEA: ORBITING OF PLANETS
PAST: The Sun revolves around the Earth.
PRESENT: The EARTH revolves around the Sun.
IDEA: SANTA CLAUS
PAST (children): Santa Claus brings us presents!
PRESENT (adults): There is no Santa Claus? What?
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THE ECOLOGY PARADIGM SHIFT
PAST: EXPLOITATION
It was believed that resources were UNLIMITED and put on the Earth for the SOLE benefit of HUMANS. Humans can take as much as we want as often as we want.
PRESENT: SUSTAINABILITY
Earth’s Resources are in LIMITED SUPPLY. Humans are CARETAKERS of the Earth and need to practice SUSTAINABILITY in our management of resources.
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HOMEWORK:
How is Earth like a spaceship? List at least 3 ways that Earth and a spaceship are similar.
Is clear-cutting a forest a sustainable practice? Explain.
Is damming off a river permanently a sustainable practice? Explain.
Give an example of ONE paradigm shift in history that we DID NOT discuss in class.
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Ecosystem A community of organisms and the
physical environment in which they live.
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Habitat
The place where an organism lives.
Not the organisms “home”! It’s habitat!
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Abiotic Factors
The NON-LIVING FACTORS which affect life in an ecosystem.
Examples include: ___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
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Biotic Factors The LIVING factors in an environment.
Biotic factors include both: the ORGANISMS AND
the interactive RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN organisms
Examples include: ______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
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Symbiotic Relationship
Relationships in which TWO ORGANISMS LIVE in CLOSE ASSOCIATION such that at LEAST ONE BENEFITS.
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5 Types of Symbiotic Relationships
1. Mutualism
2. Commensalism
3. Parasitism
4. Parasitoidism
5. Predator-Prey
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1. Mutualism BOTH organisms BENEFIT.
Examples:
Polyp and hermit crab
Pollination
Egyptian plover and crocodile
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2. Commensalism ONE organism benefits, ONE organism is
neither benefited nor harmed
Examples:
Beaver and fish
Trees and nesting birds
Anemonefish/anemone
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3. Parasitism One organism, the PARASITE, benefits.
One organism, the HOST, is harmed.
Examples:
Tapeworm and human
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4. Parasitoidism One organism benefits, one organism is
killed a slow death
Example:
Parasitic wasp and other insects
http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/animals/bugs-animals/bees-and-wasps/wasp_attacks_spider.html
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5. Predator-Prey One organism benefits, one organism is
harmed/killed quickly
Example:
Lion and zebra
Lynx and snowshoe hare
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DxVMnJXWvdM
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FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS in ECOSYSTEMS
Trophic Structure
Types of Organisms Producer
Consumer
Decomposer
Food Chain VS. Food Web
Pyramid of Energy
Population VS. Community
Ecotone
Microecosystem
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TROPHIC STRUCTURE
Feeding relationships within an ecosystem
Types of Feeders
PRODUCER
CONSUMER
DECOMPOSER
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PRODUCERS Also known as AUTOTROPHS (“self-
feeders”)
Organisms that CAN produce their own food and oxygen through PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
Examples:
Plants
Algae
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CONSUMERS: Also known as HETEROTROPHS (“other-
feeders”)
Organisms that CANNOT produce their own food and feed on OTHER organisms to survive.
Organisms that get oxygen through CELLULAR RESPIRATION.
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TYPES OF CONSUMERS: Types based on WHAT the organism eats
Different types: HERBIVORE Eats plants
Ex: __________________________
CARNIVORE Eats other consumers
Can be either a PREDATOR or a SCAVENGER (or both)
Ex: __________________________ http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/animals/fish-animals/other-
fish/invertebrates_caribbean.html
OMNIVORE Eats plants AND animals
Ex: __________________________
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CATEGORIES OF CONSUMERS: Category based on where organism is LOCATED in
food chain
Categories: PRIMARY (10) Also known as FIRST ORDER consumers Feed on PRODUCERS Considered the SECOND trophic level.
SECONDARY (20) Also known as SECOND ORDER consumers Feed on PRIMARY CONSUMERS Considered the THIRD trophic level.
TERTIARY (30) Also known as THIRD ORDER consumers Feed on SECONDARY CONSUMERS Considered the FOURTH trophic level.
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DECOMPOSERS:
Also known as DETRITIVORES or SAPROBES
Organisms that get their nutrients by breaking down DETRITUS
Detritus is decaying plant and animal material
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FEEDING RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAMS
FOOD CHAIN
FOOD WEB
PYRAMID OF ENERGY
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FOOD CHAIN A diagram that defines ONE SINGLE CHAIN
of feeding relationships in an ecosystem
Starts with PRODUCERS and connects UPWARD with ARROWS to the TOP CARNIVORES
Ex: Hawk
Downy Woodpecker
Spruce budworm
Black spruce tree
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FOOD CHAIN... Why do food chains usually only go up as high
as the third order, or tertiary consumer?
Energy decreases as it is passed up the food chain, and the top levels have the least energy, so they are limited in levels.
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FOOD WEB
A diagram that defines ALL OF THE POSSIBLE FOOD CHAINS in an ecosystem.
Ex:
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PYRAMID OF ENERGY A diagram that defines the passage of ENERGY
though a food chain. Energy is measured in Joules, symbol J. PRODUCERS always have the MOST energy and are
located at the bottom of the pyramid. TOP CARNIVORES always have the LEAST energy
and are located at the top of the pyramid. About 10 % of the total energy is passed on from
one trophic level to the next. That is, 90% is lost due to processes such as:
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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PYRAMID OF ENERGY... Example:
Corn (10000 J) Mouse (1000 J) Snake (100 J) Hawk 10 J
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POPULATION Describes members of the SAME SPECIES
living in the same ecosystem or habitat
Examples:
Caribou population in Labrador
Brook trout population in George’s Lake
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COMMUNITY Describes ALL POPULATIONS of the variety
of species in the same ecosystem or habitat.
Examples:
George’s Lake Community
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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ECOTONE The transition zone BETWEEN two
different ecosystems
“Border ecosystems”
Ex: area between: _______________________
_______________________
_______________________
Because they have species from TWO ecosystems, they have a high variety of life
BIODIVERSITY: The variety of life .
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ECOTONE... Why is biodiversity important to an
ecosystem?
The higher the level of biodiversity, the more STABLE that ecosystem is in the long-term.
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MICROECOSYSTEM A very small ecosystem
Example:
The ecosystem in a decaying fallen log.
The ecosystem in a puddle of water.
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HOMEWORK!!!
Do questions 2, 4, and 5 on page 23.
Read CORE LAB on page 30-31.
Do PRE-LAB question!!!