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9.1 Scene Perception PSYC 579 Topic Presentation, University of British Columbia
Diliara Nasirova
School of Interactive Art and Technology, Simon Fraser University
March 23, 2011
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Outline
1. Introduction to Scene Perception
2. Theories of Scene Perception ■ Coherence Theory ■ Virtual Representation ■ Triadic Architecture
3. Application to visual design ■ Visual Transitions ■ Attentional Coercion
Diliara Nasirova | PSYC 579 | March 23, 2011
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Introduction Scene Perception
• Scene Perception is a visual perception of an environment as viewed by an observer at any given time.
Diliara Nasirova | PSYC 579 | March 23, 2011
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Introduction Belief about vision
• Our brains contain detailed, picture-like representation of the scene
Diliara Nasirova | PSYC 579 | March 23, 2011
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Introduction Phenomena against the belief • Inattentional Blindness:
• The failure to notice the presence of unattended stimuli, even when they are presented within an observer’s field of view
• Change Blindness: • The failure to see changes even
when they are large, anticipated and repeatedly made if they are made during a visual disturbance
Diliara Nasirova | PSYC 579 | March 23, 2011
Simons and Chabris (1999) “Gorillas in Our Midst: Sustained Inattentional Blindness for Dynamic Events”
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Introduction Phenomena against the belief • Inattentional Blindness:
• The failure to notice the presence of unattended stimuli, even when they are presented within an observer’s field of view
• Change Blindness: • The failure to see changes even
when they are large, anticipated and repeatedly made if they are made during a visual disturbance
Diliara Nasirova | PSYC 579 | March 23, 2011
Rensink RA (2002). Internal vs. external information in visual perception.
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Introduction Change Blindness demo
Diliara Nasirova | PSYC 579 | March 23, 2011
http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~rensink/flicker/download/Harborside.mov
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Introduction Change Blindness demo
Diliara Nasirova | PSYC 579 | March 23, 2011
http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~rensink/flicker/download/Harborside.mov
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Introduction Change Blindness demo
Diliara Nasirova | PSYC 579 | March 23, 2011
http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~rensink/flicker/download/Harborside.mov
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Introduction Change Blindness demo
Diliara Nasirova | PSYC 579 | March 23, 2011
http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~rensink/flicker/download/Harborside.mov
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Introduction If a visual buffer existed…
Diliara Nasirova | PSYC 579 | March 23, 2011
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Introduction If there is no buffer…
Diliara Nasirova | PSYC 579 | March 23, 2011
1. How is it possible to see change at all? 2. How might human vision operate?
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Theories of Scene Perception Coherence theory
• Coherence theory is based on three related hypotheses 1. Volatile proto-objects formed rapidly in the visual field (without attention) 2. Focused attention selects some proto-objects and forms coherence field 3. Release of focused attention (back to proto-objects)
Diliara Nasirova | PSYC 579 | March 23, 2011
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Theories of Scene Perception Coherence theory
• Coherence theory is based on three related hypotheses 1. Volatile proto-objects formed rapidly in the visual field (without attention) 2. Focused attention selects some proto-objects and forms coherence field 3. Release of focused attention (back to proto-objects)
Diliara Nasirova | PSYC 579 | March 23, 2011
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Theories of Scene Perception Coherence theory
• Coherence theory is based on three related hypotheses 1. Volatile proto-objects formed rapidly in the visual field (without attention) 2. Focused attention selects some proto-objects and forms coherence field 3. Release of focused attention (back to proto-objects)
Diliara Nasirova | PSYC 579 | March 23, 2011
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Theories of Scene Perception Coherence theory • Why observers fail to detect changes in "attended" objects?
■ Small number of items can be attended at any time ■ Not all details can be represented in a coherence field ■ Change blindness results
Diliara Nasirova | PSYC 579 | March 23, 2011
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Theories of Scene Perception Coherence theory
• Counterintuitive implications: ■ Only a few items can be
represented ■ The representation details is
limited
• Why do we not notice these limitations?
Diliara Nasirova | PSYC 579 | March 23, 2011
Rensink RA (2000a). The dynamic representation of scenes.
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Theories of Scene Perception Virtual Representation
Diliara Nasirova | PSYC 579 | March 23, 2011
• For most tasks, only one object is in play at any time:
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Theories of Scene Perception Virtual Representation
Diliara Nasirova | PSYC 579 | March 23, 2011
• Idea of virtual representation:
■ Create a coherent, detailed representation only of a few objects needed for the task at hand
■ Details about any object should be available on request
• Provide large savings in computational
resources: memory & processing time
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Theories of Scene Perception Virtual Representation • For successful use of virtual representation
eye movements and attentional shifts should be made ■ to the appropriate object ■ at the appropriate time.
• But what directs these movements and shifts?
Diliara Nasirova | PSYC 579 | March 23, 2011
Rensink RA (2000). Scene perception.
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Theories of Scene Perception Triadic Architecture • A possible solution is a triadic architecture with three systems
Diliara Nasirova | PSYC 579 | March 23, 2011
Rensink RA (2000). Scene perception.
layout gist
object sketch
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Theories of Scene Perception Triadic Architecture
Diliara Nasirova | PSYC 579 | March 23, 2011
Rensink RA (2002). Internal vs. external information in visual perception.
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Theories of Scene Perception Triadic Architecture • The representation of a scene
involves the dynamic interaction of three systems.
• A complete representation of the
scene is never constructed - only one coherent object represented at any one time
Diliara Nasirova | PSYC 579 | March 23, 2011
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Application to Visual Design Visual Transitions
• It is possible for displays to promote or prevent the conditions that create change blindness.
■ Saccade ■ Eye blinks ■ Occlusion ■ Movie cuts ■ Gradual transitions ■ Movement
Diliara Nasirova | PSYC 579 | Jan 26, 2011
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Application to Visual Design Visual Transitions
Diliara Nasirova | PSYC 579 | Jan 26, 2011
• Design of displays robust to change blindness: ■ Minimizing saccades (important
information close together) ■ Minimizing number of dynamic
events in the background & foreground
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Application to Visual Design Visual Transitions • Change Detection in 3D
Parametric Systems: Human-Centered Interfaces for Change Visualization
1. Change blindness 2. On model (A) and
on periphery (B) visualizations
3. Combined views.
Diliara Nasirova | PSYC 579 | March 23, 2011
http://www.bentley.com/
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Application to Visual Design Visual Transitions • Change Detection in 3D
Parametric Systems: Human-Centered Interfaces for Change Visualization
1. Change blindness 2. On model (A) and
on periphery (B) visualizations
3. Combined views.
Diliara Nasirova | PSYC 579 | March 23, 2011
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Application to Visual Design Attention Coercion • Taking control of attention and
making the observer see (or not see) any given part of the display.
• Can be carried out in different ways:
■ High-level interest
Diliara Nasirova | PSYC 579 | March 23, 2011
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Application to Visual Design Attention Coercion
Diliara Nasirova | PSYC 579 | March 23, 2011
• Taking control of attention and making the observer see (or not see) any given part of the display.
• Can be carried out in different ways: ■ High-level interest ■ Mid-level directives
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Application to Visual Design Attention Coercion
Diliara Nasirova | PSYC 579 | March 23, 2011
• Taking control of attention and making the observer see (or not see) any given part of the display.
• Can be carried out in different ways: ■ High-level interest ■ Mid-level directives ■ Low-level salience
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Conclusion
Diliara Nasirova | PSYC 579 | March 23, 2011
1. Change blindness is very general phenomenon.
2. Only one coherent object can be attended at a time.
3. The perception of a scene is inherently dynamic.
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Questions?
• Thank you…
Diliara Nasirova | PSYC 579 | March 23, 2011
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References
1. Rensink RA (2002). Internal vs. external information in visual perception. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Smart Graphics: 63-70. [Smart Graphics 2; Hawthorne, NY, USA.]
2. Rensink RA (2000). Scene perception. In AE Kazdin (ed.), Encyclopedia of Psychology, vol. 7. (pp. 151-155). New York: Oxford University Press.
3. Rensink RA (2000a). The dynamic representation of scenes. In DJ Simons (ed.) Change Blindness and Visual Memory (pp. 17-42). London: Psychology Press.
4. Varakin DA, Levin DT, and Fidler R (2008). Unseen and unaware: implications of recent research on failures of visual awareness for human-computer interface design. Hum.-Comput. Interact., 19:389–422
Diliara Nasirova | PSYC 579 | March 23, 2011