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SAFETY AT THE GEOPHYSICAL LABORATORY Its not just a good idea it’s the law
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GeneralLaboratorySafetyRules:
Youarethepersonmostresponsibleforyourpersonalsafety.
Ifyouobserveothersaroundyouopera7nginanunsafemanneryouarerequiredtoinformthemoftheproblem.Iftheycon7nue,bringtheissueupwithyoursupervisorormembersoftheSafetycommi>ee.
Alllaboratoriesandfacili7esontheBroadBranchRd.campusarecontrolledareas.Accessto,andpermissiontooperatein,anylaboratorymustbegrantedbythePersoninchargeofthelaboratoryorfacility.
Specificsafetytrainingisrequiredpriortoworkinginanylaboratoryorfacility.
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GeneralLaboratorySafetyRules(cont):
Priortoworkingwithanychemicals,studytheMSDSsheetstogainawarenessoftoxicity,reac7vity,andotherpoten7allydangerousproper7esofagivenchemical.
Ifyouhaveanyconcernsregardingthesafetyofspecificlaboratoryprocedure.Stopimmediatelyandconsultwiththelaboratorysupervisor.Ifsafetyconcernspersist,contacttheGLSafetycommi>ee.
Allchemicalwastemustbestoredinproperlylabeledcontainersun7lchemicalwastepick‐upisarranged.
Allcontainersinlaboratoriesmustbelabeledclearly,forexample,aflaskcontainingwatermustbelabeled“Water”or“H2O”.
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GeneralLaboratorySafetyRules(cont):
Neverpouranychemicalsintosink‐drains.
ProperaSre,includingproperpersonalprotec7veequipment,isrequiredinalllaboratories.
Foodanddrinkarenotpermi>edinlaboratories,unlessotherwisestatedbythepersonresponsibleforthelaboratory.
ReportallaccidentsandnearaccidentstoGLSafetycommi>ee.
CheckspecificlaboratoryproceduresregardingworkingaloneinthelaboratoryaVernormalbusinesshours.
Understandemergencyproceduresandknowwheretofindemergencycontactinforma7onforeachcontrolledspace.
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MaterialSafetyDataSheet
ComeswitheverychemicalyoupurchaseAlsoavailableontheweb,e.g.
h>p://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety‐center.html
Ifyoudon’thaveoneanddonotknowhowtogetonecontacttheSafetycommi>ee
YouarerequiredtostudytheMSDSevery7meyouworkwithanewchemical
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Safety Diamonds: All laboratories have them
0‐4(Hazardlevel)0=nohazard4=extremehazard
Blue:HealthHazard0=oliveoil,4=HCNRed:Flammability0=water,4=methaneYellow:Reac7vity0=LN2,4=TNTWhite:specificinfoe.g.nowater
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HazardSigns:Ifyouseetheseoutsideofalaboratory:Noteandunderstandthem
Ifyoudonotunderstandthehazardsigndonotenterroom.
Alllaboratoriesshouldhaverelevanthazardwarnings.
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CryogenSafety:liquidN2,Ar,andHe
FourTypesofHazards
1) ExtremeFrostbite(‐195.8°C,‐320.4°F
2) Asphyxia7on‐withoutwarning
3) Explosion(1:694volumeexpansion)
4) Fire(oxygenboilsat90.2K,nitrogenat77.2K)
NeverfillaLN2dewarwithatransferlineifyouhavenotbeenspecificallytrainedtodoso
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OutcomeofaLiquidN2explosionatTexasA&M
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GeneralInformaBonAboutX‐raysX‐raysareaformofelectromagne7cradia7on
X‐raysareanionizingformofradia7onIonizingradia7oncancausechangesinbiological7ssue.Thesechangescanleadtocell
death,celltransforma7onanddamagewhichcannotberepaired
Peoplearenotabletosenseradia7onInjurypossiblewithoutini7allyknowingit
ElectromagneBcspectrum
IonizingradiaBon
X‐rayinducedBssuedamage
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IonizingRadiaBonisUsedatGLTheX‐raycrystallographylab(R108)usesX‐rayradia7onMössbauerspectroscopylab(G26A)usesgammaraysBeaware!
RadiaBonTrefoil
ThesesymbolsindicatethepresenceofradiaBonandarepostedonrelevant
laboratorydoors.
RadiaBondoselimits
AreaAnnualDose
(Rem)
Wholebody 5
Hands,arms,skinofwholebody
50
TypicalX‐raybeams
BeamDoserate(Rem/min)
Primarybeam 400,000
Diffractedbeam 80
AnnualradiaBondoselimitiseasilyexceededbyexposuretoX‐raybeam.
IonizingRadiaBon
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GLX‐raySafetyPolicy
• AllX‐raylaboratoriesarecontrolledspaces.• AllusersmusthavespecifictrainingtoworkintheXRDlabandoperateequipment.
ALARAstandsforAsLowAsreasonablyAchievable.
Itisanindividualworker’sresponsibilitytoperformtaskstokeepradia7onexposureaslowaspossible.
Worker’sareresponsibleforknowingallhazardsandsafetypracBcesthatrelatetotheequipmentinuse.
AtGL,wearecommiUedtoALARA
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GLX‐raySafetyPolicy
• X‐raylaboratoryusersarerequiredtowearradia7ondosimetrybadgestomonitorexposure.– ContactTimStrobeltoobtainbadge
• Minimizeexposuretoradia7onby:– Decreasing7me– Increasingdistance– Increasingshielding
• Instrumentsaredesignedwithshieldingandsafetyinterlockstominimizeexposure–nevertamperwithordisablethesemechanisms.
• Pregnantworkersmustdeclarepregnanciesbeforeworkingnearradia7on.
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don’t look into the laser beam with your remaining eye
LaserSafetyattheGeophysicalLaboratory
Donotenteranylaserlaboratoryifdonothavespecifictrainingforthatlabunlessyouareguidedbyaqualifiedlabpersonnel.
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laserclasses:
1………………..safe2………………..max.1mW3R………………max5mW(lowrisk)3Band4……eyewearrequired
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OD(LB)valueOD3meansreduc7onbyfactor1000 OD4……………………………………..10000
D……referstoCWlasersoraveragePowerDensity(exposure7me>0.25s)
I…….referstolaserswithpulselengthsbetween1msand0.25s
R……referstolaserswithpulselengthsbetween1nsand1ms
M…..referstolaserswithpulselengthslessthan1ns
DIR1000‐1300LB5:ThiseyeweardeliversLB5protec7onforD,IandRtypebeamsacrossthewavelengthrange1000‐1300nm.
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SAFETYISSUESWITHCOMPRESSEDGASES:
•ALLTANKSMUSTBESECURED!•ALLTANKSREQUIREAGASPRESSUREREGULATOR•IFYOUPURCHASEITYOUNEEDTOLABELTHETANKWITHYOURNAMEANDTHEDATEITWASRECEIVED•WHENTHETANKISEMPTYITISYOURRESPONSIBILITYTOSEETHATITISRETURNED.•LECTUREBOTTLESOFTENCANNOTBERETURNEDANDMUSTTHEREFOREBEDISPOSEDOF=$$$
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WHENPURCHASINGCOMPRESSEDGAS…
*Askques7onsofthesupplierswhenpurchasinggaseousmaterials‐especiallywithregardstowastedisposalandtheircylinderreturnpolicy.Onlypurchasecylindersfromcompaniesthatwillacceptthecylinderbackfordisposal.Thecostofdisposalforgascylindersisdependentuponthematerial,butevennon‐hazardouscylinderscanbecostlytodispose.*Don'tpurchasealargercylindersizethannecessary,excessreactantcanbeaproblemfordisposal,increasestherisktoalargerareaifaccidentallyreleased,ismoredifficulttostoreinaven7latedareaifrequired,andtakesupmoreroominthehoodoronthefloor.*NFPAsetslimita7onsonthenumberofcylindersthatshouldnotbeexceededinalaboratory.Donotacquiremorethan:•three10"x50"flammablegasoroxygencylindersand•three4"x15"cylindersoftoxicgases(suchasarsine,chlorine,fluorine,hydrogencyanide,nitricoxide)•NFPAallowsfortheuseofliquefiedpetroleumgascylinderswithinthelab,however,Texaslawsstatethatnoliquefiedpetroleumgases(i.e.,C3orC4suchasbutanes,propanes,etc.)maybekeptwithinanoccupiedbuilding(TexasRailroadCommissionrules).
*Make sure you have adequate ven1la1on to bring in and work with toxic gases. These materials will require constant local ven1la1on to ensure the safety of the personnel. Adding ven1la1on is not usually a straight forward task ‐ it usually takes considerable money and 1me to have installed, so plan accordingly.
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Befamiliarwiththeguidelinesonsafetransportofhighpressurecylinders:
*whenthecylinderisnotinusethevalveprotec7oncapmustbeinplacetoprotectthevalve;*neverdrag,slideorrollthecylinder‐getacylindercartortruckanduseit;*alwayshavetheprotec7vecapcoveringthevalve‐nevertransportwiththeregulatorinplace;and*makesurethecylinderissecuredtothecartduringtransport.
ADROPPEDGASCYLINDERISPOTENTIALLYDEADLY,PARTICULARLYIFTHEVALVESTEMISNOTPROTECTEDWITHCAP!!!
SpecialprecauBonsarealsorequiredwhenstoringcylinders:
*cylindersmustbesecuredatall7mestoafixedloca7on‐awall,thelabbench,etc.;*theymustbesecuredatapointapproximately2/3ofitsheight,usingappropriatematerial‐chain,plas7ccoatedwirecable,commerciallyavailablecylinderstraps,etc.;*aswithanyhazardousmaterial,youmaynotstoregascylindersinpublichallwaysorotherunprotectedareas;*cylindersshouldbesecuredindividually,i.e.,onerestraintpercylinder;and*cylindersmustbesegregatedinhazardclasseswhileinstorage,attheminimum,oxidizers(suchasoxygen)mustbeseparatedfromflammablegases,andemptycylindersshouldbeisolatedfromfilledcylinders.
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BeforethecylinderisfirstusedthefollowingprecauBonsshouldbetaken:
*makesurethecylinderisequippedwiththecorrectregulator.Alwaysusetheregulatordesignedforthematerialinuse,andbeespeciallycarefulthatundernocircumstancesisgreaseoroilusedonregulatororcylindervalvesbecausethesesubstancesmaycauseanadverse,dangerousreac7onwithinthecylinder.
*thecylindershouldbeplacedsothatthevalvehandleatthetopiseasilyaccessibleatall7mes.
*openthevalveslowlyandonlywiththeproperregulatorinplace‐thevalveshouldbeopenedalltheway.Neverleaveavalvepartwayopen‐eitheropenitallthewayorcloseitalltheway.
*thevalveshouldneverbeleVopenwhenequipmentisnotinuse,evenwhenempty;airandmoisturemaydiffusethroughanopenvalve,causingcontamina7onandcorrosionwithinthecylinder.
*ifusingatoxicorirrita7nggas,thevalveshouldbeopenedonlywhilethecylinderisinaworkingfumehoodandevenso,itwouldalsobeprudenttodirectthevalveandpoten7algasflowawayfromlabpersonnel.
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Whencylindersareinuseconsiderthefollowing:
*neverheatthecylindertoraisethepressureofthegas‐thismaydefeatthesafetymechanismsbuiltinbythesupplier.
*keepthecylinderclearofallsparks,flamesandelectricalcircuits.
*neverrelyonthecolorcodingtoiden7fythegas!Differentmanufacturersmayusedifferentcodingsystems.
*neverrefillacylinder‐mixingofresidualgasesinaconfinedareamayresultinaseriousanddevasta7ngreac7on.
*don'tuseoxygeninplaceofcompressedair.
*don'tusecopperfiSngsortubingonacetylenetanks‐explosionmayresult.
*wearsafetyequipmentappropriateforthehazardpoten7alofthematerialyouareworkingwith.
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Ifaleakisdetected,considerthefollowingopBons:
*ifthecylindercontainsaflammable,inertoroxidizinggas,removeittoanisolatedarea,awayfromincompa7blematerials.Allowittoremainisolatedun7lthegashasdischarged,makingcertainthatappropriatewarningshavebeenposted.
*ifthegasiscorrosive,removethecylindertoanisolated,well‐ven7latedarea,awayfromincompa7bles.Thestreamofleakinggasshouldbedirectedintoanappropriateneutralizingmaterial.Becarefulofanyreac7onproductthatmaybeformedastheleakinggasandneutralizingmaterialreact!Beespeciallycau7ousthatthereactantisnotallowedtobesuckedbackintothecylinderwherefurtherdangerouschemicalreac7oncouldoccur.
*ifthematerialistoxic,thecylindershouldberemovedtoanisolated,well‐ven7latedarea,butonlyifthisispossiblewhilemaintainingpersonalsafety.Itmaybenecessarytocallforageneralevacua7onofthefacilityandthecylinderapproachedonlybytrainedemergencyresponsepersonnelwearingprotec7veapparelandself‐containedbreathingapparatus(SCBAs).
*iftheleakisatthejunc7onofthecylindervalveandcylinder‐DONOTtrytorepair!Instead,contactthesupplierandaskforresponseinstruc7ons.
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Aaerthecylinderisnolongerneeded,thefollowingstepsshouldbetaken:
*nevercompletelyemptythecylinder;alwaysleavearesidualgaspressureof30psi.
*iftheresearchexperimentisoverandthecylinders7llcontainshazardousmaterial,thecylindershouldbesubmi>edfordisposalorarrangementsmadeforitstransfertoacolleaguethatwillusethematerial.
*donotkeephazardousmaterialsinthelabbeyondthe7metheyareneeded.Cylindershaveafinitelifeexpectancy.Thisisespeciallytrueforcylinderscontainingcorrosivematerials.Ifyouarenotusingit‐getridofit!
*ifthecylinderisempty,replacethecapandremoveittothestorageareaforemptycylinders.Markit"MT"orlabelinsomeotherfashionthatwillalloweveryonetoknowitsstatus.YOURARERESPONSIBLEFORMAKINGSURETHEEMPTYCYLINDERISRETURNED
***Remember‐thegreatestphysicalhazardrepresentedbythecompressedgascylinderinthelaboratoryisthetremendousforcethatmaybereleasedifitisknockedover!***
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BioHazard–Level1BiohazardLevel1:BacteriaandvirusesincludingBacillus sub1lis, canine hepa11s, Escherichia coli, varicella (chicken pox), as well as some cell cultures and non‐infec1ous bacteria. At this level precau1ons against the biohazardous materials in ques1on are minimal, most likely involving gloves and some sort of facial protec1on. Usually, contaminated materials are leG in open (but separately indicated) waste receptacles. Decontamina1on procedures for this level are similar in most respects to modern precau1ons against everyday viruses (i.e.: washing one's hands with an1‐bacterial soap, washing all exposed surfaces of the lab with disinfectants, etc.). In a lab environment, all materials used for cell and/or bacteria cultures are decontaminated via autoclave.
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ForwardcontaminaBon‐bringingincontaminaBon.
Becomingcontaminated–handwashing,don’tborrowglassware.
Donotworkinlabunlesstakenthesafetycourse.Adheretopostedsafetyrules.
DonotusecultureselsewherewithoutinsBgaBngthecorrectsafetyprocedures–Talktome.
Labcoat,gloves,safetyspecs(ifnecessary)masks(ifnecessary),WASHYOURHANDS.
ALLBACTERIAAREDANGEROUSCONCENTRATED/GROWINGINTHEWRONGPLACE.
Reportcutsimmediately.
Reportspillsandusespillkitsimmediately.
Useredautoclavebagsandphlebotomyboxesforcontaminatedmaterials
Donotenterlabunlessinvited.
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FireSafety
• Ifyouhearthefirealarm…..– Immediatelystopwhatyouaredoing
– Calmlyproceedtoexitthebuildingthroughthenearestexit
– Remindanyoneyouseetoexit– Rendezvousinthecenterofcampus– Checkaroundforothersinyourgroupthatyouknowareworkingtodayandno7fyseniorstaffand/orfirepersonnelifyouno7ceanyonemissing
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FirePreven7onandAwareness
• Typicalhazardsinalab:– Paper– Flammableliquids– Compressedgases– Electrical
• Knowwherethenearestfireex7nguisherislocated– Whattypeisit?
• Firealarmbox?Fireblanket?Safetyshower?
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Intheeventofafire…..• Assistanypersonimmediatelyindanger
– STOP,DROP,ROLL– Fireblankets,safetyshowers
• Fightorflee?– Small,contained,non‐toxicfireswithclearegressonly!!
– Properex7nguisheriscloseathand– P‐A‐S–S
• Evacuateandclosedoorsbehindyou(butdon’tlockthem)