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1 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
Rubber Division, ACSFall 2009 Meeting
Pittsburgh
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2 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
An Original Anti-Reversion
Nitrosamine-Free Curing Agent as an Alternative to TMTD
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3 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
1)Company introduction2) Reference compound3) Experimental design4) Conclusion
CONTENTS
An Original NR Anti-Reversion Nitrosamine-free Curing Agent
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4 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
1)Company introduction2) Reference compound3) Experimental design4) Conclusion
CONTENTS
An Original NR Anti-Reversion Nitrosamine-free Curing Agent
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5 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
MLPC International is located in France, in the southwest, near by Bordeaux.
MLPC supplies various curing agents either in powder form or in Mixland form (pellets or
slabs).
MLPC is a world leader for predispersed curing agents (Mixland+)
Discover MLPC International
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6 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
MLPC ‘s facilities
MLPC belongs to the french chemical group
Discover MLPC International
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7 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
Why this survey?
-NR is a renewable material, but its heat resistance needs to be improved
-To save curing energy, it is important to reduce energy consumption by cured part:for instance, by shortening the cure time.
MLPC’s goal is to offer answers to these challenges
An Original NR Anti-Reversion Nitrosamine-free Curing Agent
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8 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
1)Company introduction2) Reference compound3) Experimental design4) Improved recipe5) Conclusion
CONTENTS
An Original NR Anti-Reversion Nitrosamine-free Curing Agent
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9 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
NR reference compound
*= included stearic acid**= nitrosamine generator
FORMULATION With TMTD 80 GA
(= T compound)
NR base * 164
MIXLAND+ ZnO 90 GA 5
MIXLAND+ TMTD** 80 GA 2
MIXLAND+ S 80 GA 0.5
MIXLAND+ TBP 75 GA -
MIXLAND+ CBS 80 GA -
MIXLAND+ DPG 80 GA -
The main goal is to replace TMTD
An Original NR Anti-Reversion Nitrosamine-free Curing Agent
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10 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
RHEOMETRIC FEATURES of reference compound T (with TMTD) at VARIOUS curing temperatures.
Temperature
Ts2 (min)
T 90 (min)
Mx @ Tc50*
MH-ML
(dN.m)
Reversion index
(100+1.5)
160°C 1.08 1.33 15 8.65 0.205
170°C 0.76 0.98 32 9.49 0.92
180°C 0.64 0.73 38 9.5 1.06
t 3 scorch time @ 125°C = 9.38 min
Note: To increase cure temperature from 160 to 180°C cuts the cure time by 2 roughly
An Original NR Anti-Reversion Nitrosamine-free Curing Agent
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11 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
1)Company introduction2) Reference compound3) Experimental design4) Conclusion
CONTENTS
An Original NR Anti-Reversion Nitrosamine-free Curing Agent
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12 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
NR reference compound
*= included stearic acid**= nitrosamine generator
FORMULATION With TMTD 80 GA (= T compound)
With TMTD alternative
NR base * 164 164
MIXLAND+ S 80 GA 0.5 0.5
MIXLAND+ TMTD** 80 GA 2 -
MIXLAND+ ZnO 90 GA 5 5
MIXLAND+ TBP 75 GA - variable
MIXLAND+ CBS 80 GA - variable
MIXLAND+ DPG 80 GA - variable
An Original NR Anti-Reversion Nitrosamine-free Curing Agent
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13 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
Structure of Mixland TBP 75 GA
OH
tert-Bu
OH
Sx
tert-Buy
OH
Sx
tert-Bu
X average= 2.1, Y average= 5
It is based on a modified poly-ter-butyl-phenol disulfide
An Original NR Anti-Reversion Nitrosamine-free Curing Agent
No Nitrogen=>cannot generate
Nitrosamine
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14 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ PittsburghRubber Chem Conference, Birmingham - 08 & 09 Nov. 2004 14
3X3 experimental cubic volume design
(+1,+1,+1)
(-1,-1,-1)
(-1,+1,-1)
(-1,+1,+1)
(+1,-1,-1)
(0,0,0)(+1,-1,+1)
An Original NR Anti-Reversion Nitrosamine-free Curing Agent
How to proceed?
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15 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
3X3 experimental design
Variable Ingredient Quantity level in phr
X1 Mixland+ TBP 75 GA
Co-ordinates (-1; 0; +1)
= 1; 2; 3 phr
X2 Mixland + CBS 80 GA
Co-ordinates (-1; 0; +1)
= 0; 0.6; 1.2 phr
X3 Mixland+ DPG 80 GA
Co-ordinates (-1; 0; +1)
= 0; 0.75; 1.5 phr
An Original NR Anti-Reversion Nitrosamine-free Curing Agent
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16 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
Curing systems of the 9 recipes WEIGHT DETERMINATION
GRID
CompoundsA B C D E F G H I
Ingredients
NR base 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164
S 80 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
ZnO 90 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
TBP 75 3 2 1 1 3 2 2 1 3
CBS 80 0 0 0 0.6 0.6 0.6 1.2 1.2 1.2
DPG 80 0 0.75 1.5 0 0.75 1.5 0 0.75 1.5
An Original NR Anti-Reversion Nitrosamine-free Curing Agent
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17 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
The 3 first compound rheometric curves @ 160°C (MDR)T
orqu
e
dN.m
Tor
que
dN
.m
Strong reversion of reference T, low torque of A, B & C; C reverses
An Original NR Anti-Reversion Nitrosamine-free Curing Agent
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18 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
The 3 middle compound rheometric curves @ 160°C (MDR)
Tor
que
dN
.m
Higher torque of D, E and F; D reverses
An Original NR Anti-Reversion Nitrosamine-free Curing Agent
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19 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
The 3 last compound rheometric curves @ 160°C (MDR)
Tor
que
dN
.m
No reversion for G & I, reversion for H
An Original NR Anti-Reversion Nitrosamine-free Curing Agent
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20 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
Compound rheometric data
Compound N°
Ts2 @ 160°C (min)
T 90 @ 160°C (min)
Mx @ Tc50* 160°C
MH-ML(dN.m)
Reversion index
(100+-1.5)
T 1.08 1.33 15 8.65 0.205
A 1.96 5.92 1.33 5.98 0.035
B 1.55 4.2 2.04 5.69 0.035
C 1.37 3.1 2.55 5.01 0.105
D 1.86 3.3 3.8 6.31 0.085
E 1.2 3.12 7.9 8.79 0.025
F 1.41 2.2 8.4 7.43 0.03
G 1.6 2.86 7.52 7.64 0.01
H 1.5 2.28 7.65 5.77 0.3
I 1.19 2.79 10.5 7.9 0.04
An Original NR Anti-Reversion Nitrosamine-free Curing Agent
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21 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
Rev.index
T A B C D E F G H I
compounds
Reversion index @ 160°C
An Original NR Anti-Reversion Nitrosamine-free Curing Agent
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22 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
Mechanical properties 160°C cured sheets.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
T B F G H
tensile strengthMPa
Delft tear kN/m
Compression set %
MPa&
CS in %
Mechanical property comparison
=> Similar properties, except B, with lower pontal density
An Original NR Anti-Reversion Nitrosamine-free Curing Agent
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23 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
=> Variable according to the recipe.
constraint @ 20% MPa
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
T B F G H
compound
co
ns
tra
int
20
% in
MP
a
constraint @ 20% MPa
Mechanical properties, 160°C cured sheets
An Original NR Anti-Reversion Nitrosamine-free Curing Agent
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24 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
Next step of the survey
-We carried out cure tests @ 160°C
-We decided to go forward by carying out curing tests at higher temperature: 170°C and 180°C
Possible to maintain mechanical properties?
An Original NR Anti-Reversion Nitrosamine-free Curing Agent
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25 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
Next step of the survey
-To clarify the lecture, we focused onto only4 experimental compounds (B, F, G & H) to comparetheir properties @ 160, 170 & 180°C to reference compound T.
Reversion indexSlope @ Tc 50T 90Mh-Ml
An Original NR Anti-Reversion Nitrosamine-free Curing Agent
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26 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9
1R
ev
ind
ex
T B F G H
compound
Reversion index
160°C
170°C
180°C
=> Dramatic reduction of reversion vs higher temperature
An Original NR Anti-Reversion Nitrosamine-free Curing Agent
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27 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
0
10
20
30
40S
lop
e
T B F G H
compound
Slope at Tc 50
160°C
170°C
180°C
The rate of curing is lower than TMTD, that makes the compound easier to handle.
An Original NR Anti-Reversion Nitrosamine-free Curing Agent
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28 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
0
1
2
3T
90
; m
in
T B F G H
compound
T 90
160°C
170°C
180°C
The cure time @ 180°C is similar to 160°C reference compound cure time.
An Original NR Anti-Reversion Nitrosamine-free Curing Agent
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29 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
0
2
4
6
8
10M
h-M
l, d
N.m
T B F G H
compound
Mh-Ml
160°C
170°C
180°C
=> Both 170 & 180 °C torques are similar to reference.
An Original NR Anti-Reversion Nitrosamine-free Curing Agent
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30 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
Possible origin of reversion resistance
Lab survey carried out in ARKEMA Research Center of Lacq (France).
Experimental test of cross-linking of TME (2, 3 dimethyl-2-butene) with both TBP and CBS.
How?
An Original NR Anti-Reversion Nitrosamine-free Curing Agent
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31 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
Model compound vulcanization (MCV) approach:characterization of possible hybrid bonds
• Model compound used:
• 2,3-dimethyl 2-butene (TME)
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
• Experiments:
TBP+CBS
TME 100
ZnO 5
Stearic acid 2
Sulfur 0
CBS 2
TBP 5
• Experimental conditions : cure 30 and 60 min @ 145°C under nitrogen atmosphere
An Original NR Anti-Reversion Nitrosamine-free Curing Agent
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32 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
+
OH
S2
OH
R R
Sx (x =1,2,3)
S
R
OH
S
S S
O
R
OH
S
S S
O
R
OH
S2
1
2S
R
OH
S2
S2
R
OH
S2
S
R
OH
S
O
3
3 different mechanisms
detectedby HPLC/MS
An Original NR Anti-Reversion Nitrosamine-free Curing Agent
Conventional Sulfur bondsHybrid bonds
Sulfoxide bonds
Hypothesis: the hybrid bonds bring reversion resistance.
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33 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
An Original NR Anti-Reversion Nitrosamine-free Curing Agent
Hybrid bonds:
Monosulfidic bond
Mono and disulfidic bond
Disulfidic bond
Dissociationenergy:
to be evaluated
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34 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
Cost effect
*: this overcost could easily be compensated by using higher level of suitable fillers, by the reduction of the time of curing, by an easier handle of a less scorchy compound.
Cost NR baseCuringsystem
Total cost Cost effect
Reference compound
97.3 2.7 100
G compound
97.3 5.4 102.7 + 2.7%*
An Original NR Anti-Reversion Nitrosamine-free Curing Agent
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35 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
1)Company introduction2) Reference compound3) Experimental design4) Conclusion
CONTENTS
An Original NR Anti-Reversion Nitrosamine-free Curing Agent
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36 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
2 examples of behavior of both compound T @ 160°C and compound G @180°C
0
12.5
25
reversion
slope Tc 50
T90Mh-Ml
cost T
G
An Original NR Anti-Reversion Nitrosamine-free Curing Agent
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37 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
- Improvment of reversion resistance
Comparatively to TMTD, TBP 75, combined with CBS, brings:
- Better curing efficiency at high temperature
-Better scorch safety
-Curing cycle reduction time
- No nitrosamine contamination
An Original NR Anti-Reversion Nitrosamine-free Curing Agent
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38 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
thank you for your attention.
38
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39 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
Thermal stability of crosslinks
An Original NR Anti-Reversion Nitrosamine-free Curing Agent
Structure Dissociation energy
(kJ/mol)
C-C 335
C-S-C 310
C-S2-C 310
C-S3-C 225
C-Sx-C (x >3) 142
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40 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
Examples of T90 of the 9 compounds of the design @ 160°C (ref compound T=1.33 min
Reference: TS= 16.7 MPa
0
0.7
5
1.51.2
pce
0.9pce
0.6pce
0.3pce
0 pce
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
T 90, min
DPG
CBS
T 90 DPG vs CBS, TBP = 1pce; 160°C5.00-6.00
4.00-5.00
3.00-4.00
2.00-3.00
1.00-2.00
0.00-1.00
0
0.75
1.51.2
pce
0.9pce
0.6pce
0.3pce
0 pce0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
T 90, min
DPG
CBS
T 90 , DPG vs CBS, TBP = 2pce; 160°C5.00-6.00
4.00-5.00
3.00-4.00
2.00-3.00
1.00-2.00
0.00-1.00
0
0.75
1.51.2
pce
0.9pce
0.6pce
0.3pce
0 pce0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
T90, min
DPG
CBS
T90, DPG vs CBS, TBP = 3 pce; 160°C5.00-6.00
4.00-5.00
3.00-4.00
2.00-3.00
1.00-2.00
0.00-1.00
An Original NR Anti-Reversion Nitrosamine-free Curing Agent
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41 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
Reference: TS= 16.7 MPa
Examples of delta torque of the 9 compounds of the design @ 160°C (reference compound T = 8.65 dN.m)
0
0.75
1.51.2
pce
0.9pce
0.6pce
0.3pce
0 pce5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
Mh-Ml, dN.m
DPG
CBS
Mh-Ml, DPG vs CBS, TBP = 3 pce; 160°C9.00-10.00
8.00-9.00
7.00-8.00
6.00-7.00
5.00-6.00
0
0.75
1.51.2
pce
0.9pce
0.6pce
0.3pce
0 pce5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
Mh-Ml, dN.m
DPG
CBS
Mh-Ml, DPG vs CBS, TBP = 2pce; 160°C9.00-10.00
8.00-9.00
7.00-8.00
6.00-7.00
5.00-6.00
0
0.75
1.51.2
pce
0.9pce
0.6pce
0.3pce
0 pce
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
Mh-Ml, dN.m
DPG
CBS
Mh-Ml, DPG vs CBS, TBP = 1pce; 160°C9.00-10.00
8.00-9.00
7.00-8.00
6.00-7.00
5.00-6.00
An Original NR Anti-Reversion Nitrosamine-free Curing Agent
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42 MLPC International / An original anti-reversion curing agent/Rubber Division Fall 2009/ Pittsburgh
Reference: TS= 16.7 MPa
0
0.75
1.5
1.2pce
0.9pce
0.6pce
0.3pce
0pce
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
Rev index
DPG
CBS
Reversion index DPG vs CBS, TBP = 1pce; 160°C
0.10-0.15
0.05-0.10
0.00-0.05
0
0.75
1.5
1.2pce
0.9pce
0.6pce
0.3pce
0pce
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
Rev index
DPG
CBS
Reversion index , DPG vs CBS, TBP = 2pce; 160°C
0.10-0.15
0.05-0.10
0.00-0.05
0
0.75
1.5
1.2pce
0.9pce
0.6pce
0.3pce
0 pce
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
Rev index
DPG
CBS
Reversion index , DPG vs CBS, TBP = 3 pce; 160°C
0.10-0.15
0.05-0.10
0.00-0.05
Examples of reversion index response of the 9 compounds of the design at 160°C (reference compound T= 0.205 )
An Original NR Anti-Reversion Nitrosamine-free Curing Agent