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Routine postnatal/partum care: It is all about timing and
contents
Joseph de Graft-JohnsonTeam leader, Newborn and Community HealthMCHIP October 9, 2009
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Presentation Outline
Definition of postnatal/partum period Causes and timing of maternal and neonatal
deaths Recommended schedule and contents for
facility-based postpartum/natal visits Recommended schedule and contents for
home-based postnatal/partum visits Discuss approaches for reaching mothers and
newborns Conclusion
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Definition of postpartum period
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Definition of postpartum/postnatal period
WHO: Starts: one hour after delivery of the
placenta Ends: after 6 weeks
Divided into:Immediate postpartum period:
First 4-6 hrs after delivery
Late postpartum period: 6 hrs to 6 weeks
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What are the major causes of maternal deaths – overall and
during the postpartum period?
When in the postpartum period do most of the
deaths occur?
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Causes of maternal deaths
31% - asia
34% - Africa
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Causes of maternal death in postpartum period
Hemorrhage, 50.20%
Infection, 29.90%
PIH, 12.90%
Other, 7%
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Timing of postpartum maternal deaths
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
Day 1 Days 2-7 Days 8-14 Days 15-21
Days 22-42
Number of days
Pe
rce
nta
ge
of
de
ath
s
Source: Li et al. 1996
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What are the major causes of neonatal
deaths?
When do most of the deaths occur?
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Causes of newborn deaths
Source: Lawn JE, Cousens SN, Zupan J Lancet 2005. based on cause specific mortality data and estimates for 192 countries
Indirect effects of preterm &
small for gestational age?
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Timing of newborn deaths
Up to 50% of neonatal
deaths are in the first 24 hours
75% of neonatal deaths are in
the first week – 3 million deaths
Source: Lawn JE et al Lancet 2005, Based on analysis of 47 DHS datasets (1995-2003), 10,048 neonatal deaths)
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What is the current recommended
schedule for routine postpartum visits at
health facilities?
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Recommended facility-based postpartum/natal visits
Immediate PPC – provided before discharge
First visit: Within first week (preferably within 2-3 days)
Second visit: 4-6 weeks(Additional visits should be
scheduled if woman/baby has a problem that is being managed on outpatient basis)
WHO 2006
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69
42 37
830
65
0
25
50
75
100
Antenatal care(at least one
visit)
Skilledattendant at
birth
ImmediatePostnatal
Early postnatal(w ithin 2 days)
Exclusivebreastfeeding
<6 months
3 doses ofDPT
vaccination
Co
vera
ge
(%)
Coverage along the continuum of care
The days of highest risk and lowest coverage
* Immediate postnatal care is based on the DHS assumption that all facility births get PNC before discharge. Early postnatal care (within 2 days) at home was only measured for home births only in previous DHS
Source: Opportunities for Africa’s Newborns, inputs from 28 African DHS from 1998-2005
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PNC Coverage
47% of mothers and newborns do not receive skilled care during delivery (and those who do are send home early)
72% of all babies born outside health facilities do not receive any postnatal care
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What is the primary purpose of routine
postpartum care visits?
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Primary purpose of PPC/PNC
Prevention: Ensure both mother and baby are in good health – and continue with healthy practices (thru counseling and observation)
Detection and management of problems before they become worse (thru good history, examination, laboratory tests and appropriate treatment)
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Immediate postpartum care
Mother: Monitor her every 15 minutes (measure BP & temperature, count pulse,
observe breathing, vaginal bleeding, firmness of uterus, convulsions/unconsciousness)
Encourage her to pass urine Encourage to eat, drink and rest
Newborn: Monitor her every 15 minutes (breathing, temperature, pulse/heartbeat) Initiate breastfeeding Maintain warmth (skin-to-skin or wrapped) Delay bathing Polio 0 and BCG
if feasible, ensure mother and baby has someone with them and they know when to call for help
Ensure mother is counsel on postpartum care, hygiene, danger signs, birth spacing, nutrition, and both mother and baby re-examined before discharge and given a date to return
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Content of 1st and 2nd Postpartum visit
Mother: Ascertain general well-being (ask about
presence of danger signs) Check HIV status Conduct physical exam (BP, temperature,
pulse, palpate uterus, visual inspection of vulva and perineum, check pallor, exam breast)
Ask about birth spacing plans and current use of a FP method – counsel appropriately
Counsel on danger signs and prompt care-seeking
Counsel on nutrition and hygiene
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Content of 1st and 2nd Postpartum visit…
Newborn: Ascertain general well-being (feeding, ask
about presence of danger signs) If mother is HIV+ check if ARV has been given Weigh baby Conduct physical exam (count breaths,
temperature, heartbeat,) Observe breastfeeding – check positioning and
latching Counsel on exclusive BF, clean cord care,
warmth maintenance Counsel on danger signs and need for prompt
care-seeking
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Postpartum/postnatal home visits
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Evidence of Home Visits for Newborn Care
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Recommendation: underlying principles
Core principle is the continuum of care covering both lifecycle and home-to-hospital
(and “back again”) dimensions
Home visit is a complementary strategy to facility-based postnatal care …. to improve
newborn survivalFacility births: assess health of mother and baby
before discharge and give specific return dateNon-facility births: Seek postnatal care from a
skilled provider (in most places at facility) as soon as possible
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Recommendation: Home visits
At least two home visits for all home births: First visit within 24 hrs from
birth Second visit on day 3 Third visit on day 7 (if
possible)
At least two home visits for all babies born in a health facility: First visit as soon as possible
when mother returns home Second visit on day 3 Third visit on day 7 (if
possible)NB: At least one home visit
during antenatal period will be required
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Recommendation: content of home visits
Ensure basic newborn care (or essential newborn care): Early & exclusive breastfeeding Maintenance of warmth Hygienic cord and skin care Caretaker’s handwashing Assess for danger signs and refer Counsel on danger signs and prompt care seeking Identification and support for newborns with conditions
that require additional care (e.g. LBW or sick baby, mother is HIV+)
Mother: Ask and counsel about danger signs and prompt care
seeking Counsel on birth spacing and nutrition Identification and support for mothers with conditions that
require additional care? (use of Misoprostol tablets/oxytocin unject?)
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Recommendation: LBW babies
Additional care: Increased attention to
warmth through skin-to-skin
Assistance with breastfeeding, might include cup feeding
Extra attention to hygiene – particularly handwashing
Extra support for breastfeeding
Will require an extra home visit
(day 2 and 10)
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Recommendation: Sick newborns
Families of sick newborns (possible neonatal sepsis) should be assisted to seek facility-based care. Care could be given on outpatient basis from a first level health facility if referral is not possible
Use of community health workers to give antibiotic injections at home is acknowledged by WHO/UNICEF but not yet endorsed. Further evaluation of this intervention in routine settings for safety and sustainability is needed.
Statement is silent on community-based management of asphyxia
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Recommendation: Who should visit?
Ideally these should be skilled health workers but….Realistically: Existing community health workers (paid and/or
volunteers) Health Surveillance Assistants in Malawi Community midwives in Indonesia Anganwadis and ASHAs in India Female community health volunteers in Nepal Health Extension Workers in Ethiopia
Create new CHWs (paid and/or unpaid)
ESSENTIAL THAT CHWs HAVE THE KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS TO ACCOMPLISH THEIR WELL DEFINED TASKS
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Available materials
SEARCH India
UNICEF/ESAROUNICEF/ESAROPackagePackage
20062006
KintampoGhana
IMNCIIndia
WHOWHOPackage Package
(under development)(under development)
20082008
C-IMCIBolivia
WHO-UNICEFWHO-UNICEFPackagePackage
CARING FOR THE CARING FOR THE NEWBORN AT HOMENEWBORN AT HOME
20092009
Adapted from WHO
Others: Others: ProjahnmoProjahnmo
SNL/EthiopiaSNL/EthiopiaGov. of MalawiGov. of MalawiGov of NepalGov of Nepal
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Job Aides Counselling cards Mother & Baby
card Referral note CHW register
Adopted from WHO
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How can mothers and newborns be reached early at home to save
their lives?
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Conclusion
All mothers and newborns should receive appropriate care especially in the first hours and week of life when they are most vulnerable;
A household-to-hospital continuum of care including postnatal home care by community health workers is needed to save mothers and newborns
Both Facility and community health workers providing PPC/PPC should have the appropriate knowledge, skills and supplies to prevent, refer and/or provide initial/complete treatment for identified complications
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Resources
www.globalhealthlearning.org/login.cfm Pregnancy, Childbirth, Postpartum and
Newborn Care: A guide for essential practice(WHO 2006)