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RomaandCross-BorderMigra1oninEuropefromthe18thCenturyun1la<ertheSecond
WorldWar
HolocaustCenter,Oslo,2016,September22th
ThomasHuonker:ThePaIernsofExpulsionand
Discrimina1onofRomainSwitzerland,1911–1972
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Time-LineSwitzerland,partI
• 1471-1798GeneralexpulsionoftheRoma,named"Zeginer":Warning,branding,hanging• 1798-1802Toleranceoffrench"Colporteurs"• 1802-1848"Landjäger"(Police)against"Heimatlose“(sanspapiers)InternmentofYenishChildren,named„Gaunerkinder“in
industrialschools.Someofthemwererenamed,names asp.ex.„Freund“(friend),„Demuth“(humbleness), „Wohlfahrt“(welfare)
• 1850-1888The„liberalphase“withacertainambiguity:CiZzenRightsforYenishPeople,andonesingleRomaFamilyBut:SeparaZonoffamilies,forcedemigraZonforpartners
andchildrenwhodidnotgetSwissciZzenshipFreeentranceforforeignRoma,SinZandothernomadsin
possessionofpassportsToleranceofambulantprofessions
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TimelineSwitzerland,partII
• 1888-1972GeneralexpulsionofforeignRoma,called"Zigeuner"or "tsiganes",evenduringWWII
• Repressionofambulantprofessions.SeparaZonsofsome SinZfamilies
• SomefewSinZandRomaFamiliesmanagedallthesameto stayinSwitzerland
• InaboutthesameZme:
• 1927-1972SystemaZcdestrucZonofYenishfamilieswithswiss ciZzenship(byprivateorganizaZonsasp.ex.FoundaZon ProJuventute,orSeraphischesLiebeswerkSolothurn,both helpedbytheauthoriZes.Totallyatleast900children isolatedfromparents,brothersandsistersbyadopZon,in fosterhomes,inresidentschoolsandinpenitenZary insZtuZons
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PolicePhotographsandRegistraZon
PhotographbyCarlDurheim1853,madefortheGeneralProcuratorofSwitzerland,ofYenishwomanElisabethNobel
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DactyloscopicRegistraZonCard,CantonalPoliceBern,1906,ofRomniKatharinaFlorian
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SchweizerischesZigeuner-Register(instaured1911,inuseunZl1972)
RegistraZonCardofSintoCarloMinster,borninCoire,Grisons,Switzerland,butstateless
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OnlythenextgeneraZonoffamilyMinstergotSwissciZzenship,intheyear1993(phototaken2004)
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AfruitoftheracistSwissadempttoexpulseallRomaexcepttheYenishwithSwissciZzenship(1888-1972):NoaccesstoSwisstrainsandsteamboatsforRoma.
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Since1911:“internmentforidenZficaZon”inthepenitenZaryofWitzwil,Berne:Forcedlabourformonthsandevenyears
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“Leupold’sprocedure”,partI
Dr.EduardLeupoldfromtheSwissDepartmentofJusZceinventedintheyear1911thispracZce:“InternmentforidenZficaZon”,withouttrial,butduringmonthsandinsomecasesyears,oftheadultmalemembersofRomafamiliesenteringSwissterritory.ThewomenandchildrenwereseparatelybroughttoinsZtuZonsoftheSalvaZonArmyorsimilarcaritaZveorganizaZons.
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“Leupold’sprocedure”,partII
AllpersonsdefinedbytheSwisspolicetobe“Zigeuner”arephotographedandregisteredinthedactyloscopic“Zigeuner-Register”.TheSwissregistryofgypsieschecksitscontentwiththeRegistryoftheGerman“Zigeuner-Zentrale”inMunichandwithAlfredDillmanns“Zigeunerbuch”,published1905.Thisdone(sucharegistraZonscanlastmonthandevenmorethenayear),theseparatedRomaFamilieswillbereunited–whilebeingbroughttotheSwissbordertoleavethecountry,ojeninthenight,farawayfromnormalborderprocedures.
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IsolatedChildren
“LeupoldsProcedure”hadtheopenlyoutspokenintenZontoscareawayandtorepelSinZ,RomaandforeignYenishfromSwitzerland.Theaimwastokeep“clean”theterritoryofSwitzerlandofthisgroupofhumanpersons.AcollateraldamageweresomeSinZchildrenseparatedfortherestoftheirlivesfromtheirfamiliesandculture,isolatedinapermanentinternment.Therewasnotrialagainstthem,butthesentencewastobeagypsy.
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JosefAntonR.
JosefAntonR.(1907-1972)isanexampleofsuchachild.1916hefledintotheforestwhenpolicecaughttherestofhisfamily,belongingtothegroupoftheSinZandseekingshelterfromWWIinpeacefulSwitzerland.Somemonthslater,hewascaughttoo,gotillandwasputintoahospital.Hewasnotyetcured,whenhisfamily,interned“foridenZficaZon”duringfouryears,wasexpelledandbanishedfromSwitzerland.TheyoungSintoneverfoundbacktothemandmadethetypicallySwisscareerofaworkingfosterchildbeingplacedlateroninpenitenZaryinsZtuZons,workhousesandpsychiatricclinics.
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Psychiatricexper1seforcastra1on
Beingrebellious,hegotapsychiatricexpertopinionbytopsychiatrists.TheonewasProf.JakobKlaesi,directorofthepsychiatricclinicWaldauandProfessorattheUniversityofBerne.TheotherwasHerbertJancke(1898–1993),atthisZme(1934)afanaZcNazi,butworkinginSwitzerland.TheyhadtoanswerthequesZonofJosefAntonR.‘slegalguardianRobertSchneider,Zurich,ifitwouldbetherightthingtocastratetheyoungman.Theyagreedtodecide:Yes.SotheoperaZonwasexecutedintheyear1934.
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“ThequesZontoanswerisifR.hastobecastratedbecauseofhissexualabnormity”
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“Hisbehaviourcanbeunderstoodinsomewaybeingaware,thatheisnotaSwiss,butagypsy.”
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“ItmustbepreventedthatR.couldestablishalinewithsuchbadgenes,thathisoffspringwouldbeaburdenfor
themselvesandthestate.”
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JosefAntonR.(1905-1972)
intheyear1970,inhislastinsZtuZonofinternmentandforcedlabour
(KappelamAlbis,nearZurich)
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Noasylum,butrepulsionofSin1andRomaattheSwissborderduringtheHolocaust
ItsknownthatSwitzerlandgaveasylumtoacertainnumberofgermandissidentsanddisertersandraciallypersecutedJews.Butitsalsoknown,thatSwissborderpatrols,miltaryandpoliceforcesrepelledaboutthesamenumberofrefugeesintotheHolocaust.WhileSwissauthoriZesstoppedthispracZceinJuly1944forJews,theyconZnuedtodosowithSinZandRomaunZltheendofWWII.
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AtragicexampleisAntonReinhardt(1927-1945)WhileabignumberofhisrelaZvesweremurderedinAuschwitzandothercamps,theGermanPolicebroughthim,seventeenyearsold,tohospitalforsterilizaZon.Hefled,swamovertheRhineundseekedshelterinSwitzerland.Swisspolice,ajerhavingdetectedthathewasagypsy,broughthimtothebordernearBasle.Caughtagain,theGermansdeportedhimintothecampNatzweiler-Struthof.Hefledagain,wasarrestedoncemoreandshotdeadbytheSS-ChargeKarlHaugeronMarch31th,1945,shortlybeforeFrenchforcesliberatedthispartofGermany.
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AntonReinhardt(1927-1945)
(SwissPolicephoto)
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SwisspolicechiefscooperatedwiththeIKPK(later:Interpol),p.ex.
concerningtheregistraZonofRoma.TheyconZnuedthiscooperaZonevenajertheheadquarterofIKPKwastransferred,inconsequenceofthe“Einmarsch”inAustria1938,fromViennatoBerlin.TheSwissdelegatescontributedtothe
elecZonofSS-ObergruppenführerReinhardHeydrichforPresidentoftheIKPKin1940.SothebrutalcriminalHeydrichbecamethe
worldshighest-rankingpolicemanfrom1940to1942.The
internaZonalregisterofRomamaintainedbyInterpolwasusedtodeportRomaandSinZfrommany
EuropeancountrysintothecampsofexterminaZon.
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ConZnuiZes
• AjerthedeclineoftheThirdReich,SwissdelegateshelpedtoguaranteetheconZnuityoftheInsZtuZonIKPK,nowcalledInterpolandtransferredtoLyon,France.
• AndSwisspolicechiefsconZnuedtoexchangeinformaZonsaboutSinZandRomawiththeformer“Zigeuner-Zentrale”,nowcalled“Landfahrerstelle”,inMunich,andwiththeBKAinWiesbaden,thenewGermanPoliceHeadquarter,dominatedbyformerSS-MenlikePaulDickopf(1910-1973),whobecamePresidentofInterpolin1968.
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ThecooperaZonbetweenSwisspolice,Interpol,BKAand“Landfahrerstelle”helpedSwissAuthoriZestokeepontheirofficialpolicyagainstRomaintheyearsfrom1950-1972.WhilemoreandmoreSwissplantsinindustryandgastronomyrecruitedRomaworkersfromYugoslavia,SwisspoliceconZnuedtoarrest,registerandbanishSinZandRomawhodrovewiththeircaravansintoSwitzerland.
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“Repellingofgypsiesattheborders”
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ThisgeneralanddiscriminatoryinterdicZonspecifically
againstRomatotravelintoor
throughSwitzerlandwasmaintainedunZl
1972.
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“Radgenossen-schajder
Landstrasse”TheFirstMeeZng:
Bern,May1975Photo:RobGnant
LegalOrganizaZonofYenish,RomaandSinZwasimpossibleinSwitzerlandbefore1972
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It’sanironyofhistorythatthemostimportant
RomaOrganisaZon,theInternaZonalRomaniUnion,
haditsheadquarterin
Switzerlandintheyears1978-1981
Dr.med.JanCibula(1932-2013),refugeeformCzechoslovakia,PresidentofIRU(InternaZonalRomaniUnion)1978-1981
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TimelineSwitzerland,partIII
• 1955-1990ArrivalofRomaasforeignworkersandrefugeesfrom Yugoslavia,Hungary,Czechoslovakia
• 1993SwissciZzenshipforthefewSinZfamilieslivingin Switzerland
• 1997/98 RecogniZonof"Travellingpeople“(„Fahrende“)asa
naZonalminorityandofYenishlanguageasa„non- territoriallanguageofaminority"
• 2016 RecogniZonofYenish(esZmated40‘000)andSinZ
(esZmated2500),butnotofRoma(esZmated80‘000),asSwissnaZonalminoriZes