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Ensuring expert advice: the role of safety and
health professionals in a changing world
Andrew Hale
Delft University of Technology, Safety Science Group,
Delft, Netherlands
Presentation to 5th Occupational Risk Prevention Conference.
Santiago, Chile 9-11 May 2007
With thanks to Frank Guldenmund for the analyses & the many colleagues
from ISSA & ENSHPO for their work on the surveys
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Overview of presentation
• Sources of information & research• Developing professions: historical roots &
changing challenges
• The road to professional recognition: legalrequirements and voluntary certification
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Sources of information & research
• Historical studies of safety regulation & professionaldevelopment 1844-2007
• Development of professional training courses:networks of universities: ISSA Safety Training Sector
• ISSA surveys of qualification & certification systems
• Development of networks of safety and healthprofessional organisations (ENSHPO, INSHPO)
• ENSHPO survey of role and tasks of safetyprofessionals
• ENSHPO voluntary certification system.
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Status of the safety profession
A venerable profession, but still progressing to fullmaturity and respectability
• Professional inspectors – a British invention
• 1833 working hours & conditions
• 1844 safety
• 1890s Safety museums & Institutes• 1920s Safety First movement in industry
• 1940s Associations of safety officers/professionals
• 1970s Academic courses at universities• 1970s Scientific peer reviewed journals
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What defines the job of the safety
professional?• The law and regulations:
• direct legal requirements for safety inspectors and safety
practitioners• interpretation & enforcement of the law as task
• The employer as boss or as client of a consultant:
• avoiding prosecution or liability claims• commercial interests: survival, loss control
• enlightened self interest, industrial democracy
• Scientific & professional development:
• repository of exclusive knowledge & experience
• professional association claiming territory
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Ages of safety
First: Technology & Law 1840s - 1970s
Second: Human factor 1910-1940 accident proneness
1965- cognitive ergonomics
Third: Management & 1985-
Interorganisational
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Stages of development of safety
management systems
1. Struggle forcommitment(pathological)
2. Dedicated safety
services do the work (reactive, calculative):
3. Integration in the line.(proactive, generative)
1. Inspectors & safetyofficers as enforcers& policemen
2. Health and safety
advisers as subjectspecialists
3. Safety staff audit & monitor & act as
change agents & companyconscience
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Competing professionals
Safety
Engineer
Occupational
Hygienist
HSE(Q)
Manager
Ergonomist Occupationalphysician
Occupational
health nurse
Occupational
psychologist
Risk
manager
Risk and
working
conditions
Insurance
economics
Management
Medicine
Primary
health care
Engineering
Environmental
science
Chemistry
Socio-technical
systems
Psychology
Fire
prevention
Disaster management
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Clusters of professions: Netherlands 1997
Safety
Prof. Change
agent
Work &
Organisation:
Stress & Absence
Occ.
Physician
Occ.
Health
Nurse
Occ.Hygiene
Ergo.
Risk
analyst
Fire
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Development of ISSA and ENSHPOsurvey of actual role and tasks of SPs
• Questionnaire aimed at understanding the depth &
frequency of tasks, hazards dealt with & network of contacts of safety professionals
• Included tasks & hazards often associated with otherprofessional groups – like occupational hygienists, risk
analysts and occupational physicians – to test overlap
• Translation and adaptation: national vocabularies andapproaches
• Distribution via professional association or trainingbody – biased sampling?
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Questionnaire content
• Who are they? 8 questions (age, gender, education andtraining, experience)
• Who do they work for? 11 questions (internal/external,industry sector, full/part-time, many sites, international)
• What tasks do they do?* 83 questions (risk analysis,prevention, management, monitoring)
• What hazards do they deal with?* 31 hazards
• Who do they work or deal with?* 36 contacts(internal/external)
* How often = weekly, monthly, yearly, not yet, not part of job
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Participating countries
All EU members and candidate countries invited
- Problems of establishing network contacts
- Problems of financing & analysis (volunteer’s work)
Final agreement and participation from:
• Europe: Austria, Cyprus, Finland, Germany, Italy,
Netherlands, Norway, Switzerland, Poland, Portugal,UK
• Asia: Singapore
• Australia
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Demographics
The safety professional is:
• Over 35 and working in a second career, but staying there
at least 10 years. All countries.• Two levels of job: higher education & middle technical
education: Av.59% graduate at bachelors level or higher
• Male dominated (Lowest Australia 71% Highest NL 96%)• Mix of full- and part-time: Av. 69% full time
• Mix of internal & external employment: Av. 61% internal
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Core competences: all countries
Tasks:Compliance checks, workplace and job risk
assessments, accident investigation, personalprotective equipment, physical inspection & behaviouraudits, emergency procedures.
Hazards:
Machinery safety, physical work/posture, human error,noise, lighting.
Contacts:
Employees, line and top management, maintenance,government inspectors.
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Core competencies: 8 out of 11countries
Tasks:
Training/information/motivation, safety managementand safety culture, annual plan & report.
Hazards
Dangerous materials, fire & explosion, electricity,vehicles, work at computers.
ContactsProfessional H&S colleagues, employee representation,
quality, finance, fire service.
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Differentiation: 3-7 countries with amajority dealing with:
Tasks:
Design involvement, sustainability, performanceindicators, document & audit SMS, emergency drills,permits to work.
Hazards:
Occupational disease, vibration, biological,environmental/external, workload/stress/bullying, road& transport.
Contacts:Lawyers, trades unions, specialists/consultants
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Minority tasks in most, if not allcountries.
• Peripheral tasks :
Cost-benefit, insurance and compensation tasks,maintenance planning, environmental policy.Radiation, subsidence/collapse, violence, productsafety, third party safety.
Policy makers & planners, standards/certificationbodies, insurers, employers/industry bodies.
• Niche involvement :National level activities, first aid/fire brigade, keeping
sickness statistics, expert witness
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A task of Sisyphus
Where you need contacts andhelp
Project teams,
sounding boards,working groups
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Broad conclusions
• There is a broadly shared international profile of the
safety professional, with a common core competence,but with nuances per country, or safety tradition. Thisforms the basis for European certification by ENSHPO
• The safety profession is one of broad generalists with
knowledge extending far into the fields of risk management, occupational hygiene and ergonomics
• They are increasingly needing and getting competencein management, organisational change and the ethics
of their profession
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