berto Gargarella
Pilar Domingo
Theunis Roux
Contents List of Contributors vii Foreword xi Acknowledgements xv Introduction 1 Pilar Domingo Part 1 Theory 1 Theories of Democracy, the Judiciary and Social Rights 13 Roberto Gargarella 2 Courts and Social Transformation: An Analytical Framework 35 Siri Gloppen 3 The Changing Role of Law and Courts in Latin America: From an Obstacle to Social Change to a Tool of Social Equity 61 Javier A. Couso Part 2 Case Studies
4 Social Rights as Middle-Class Entitlements in Hungary: The Role of the Constitutional Court 83 András Sajó 5 The Record of the South African Constitutional Court in Providing an Institutional Voice for the Poor: 1995-2004 107 Jackie Dugard and Theunis Roux 6 The Enforcement of Social Rights by the Colombian Constitutional Court: Cases and Debates 127 Rodrigo Uprimny Yepes 7 Courts and Social Transformation in India 153 R. Sudarshan 8 Judicial Enforcement of Social Rights: Perspectives from Latin America 169 Christian Courtis
vi Courts and Social Transformation in New Democracies
9 Brazilian Courts and Social Rights: A Case Study Revisited 185 José Reinaldo de Lima Lopes 10 Courts Under Construction in Angola: What Can They Do for the Poor? 213 Elin Skaar and José Octávio Serra Van-Dúnem 11 Weak Courts, Rights and Legal Mobilisation in Bolivia 233 Pilar Domingo Courts, Rights and Social Transformation: Concluding Reflections 255 Roberto Gargarella, Pilar Domingo and Theunis Roux Bibliography 283 Index 301
PART 1
124 Courts and Social Transformalion in New Democracies
62 Ds"id Bilchil2. 'Giving Socio-economic Rights Teeth: The Minimum Core and its
Impm1ance', South African Law }oumui, 118 (2002): 484--50 I: David Bilchi� 'Towards a Reasonable Approach to the Minimum Corc: Laying the Foundations for
Future Socio-economic Rights Jurisprudence'. SOllth African Journal on Human Rights, 19 (2003): 1-26: Sandra Liebcnbcrg, 'The Interpretation of Socio-economic Rights', in
M. Chask.aI on et aI., COflslilUlional Law of SOllth Africa 2nd cdn (Cape Town: Juta,
2004). chap. 33; Danie Brand, 'The f'roceduralisation of South African Socio-economic Rights Jurisprudence, or "What are socio-economic rights for?"', in Henk Botha, Andre van der Wait and Johsn van der Wait (eds), Rights and Democracy in a Transformalive COI1S/iflltioll (Stellenbo ch: Sun Press, 2003), p. 33.
63 1998 (2) SA 363 (CC). This decision is discussed in greater detail in Theunis Roux. 'Legitimating Transformation: Political Resource Allocation in the South African Constitutional Court', in Siri Gloppcn. Roberto Gargarella and Elin Skaar (eds), Democratization and the Judiciary: The Accountability Function of Courts in New Democracies (London : Frank Cass, 2004). p. 92 at pp. 98-102.
64 Section 9(3) of the 1996 Constitution (s 8 of the interim Constitution) prohibits the state from unfairly discriminating against anyone, whether diroctly or indirectly, based on race etc. For an analysis of the Court's reasoning as to what amounts to unfair discrimination see Harksen v. Lane 0 1998 (I) SA 300 (CC).
65 As per section 9(2) of the 1996 Constitution (s 8(3) of the interim Constitution). On a
separate, and less constitutionally important. note the Court found that the Council's
selective recovery of arrears debt in white areas did amount to unfair djscrimination as it was not the resuJt of a rational and coherent plan with a discernable and pressing tran rormation objective, but rather of a situation of confusion and uncertainty that
unfairly resulted in white default.ers being singled out for legal action whiJe exempting black defaulters.
66 1999 (2) SA 83 (CC). 67 Ibid., para. 47. 68 Ibid., para. 42. 69 For a full assessment of this decision. see Roux, 'Legitimating Transformation', pp.
103-105. 70 2002 (9) BCLR 891 (CC). 71 [bid .. para. 38.
72 Ibid., para. 105. 73 Ihid., paras 8, 36-7. 74 Ibid .. paras 39, 48-9. 75 2004 (11) BCLR 1125 (CC). 76 Section 9(2): 'Equality includes the full and equal enjoyment of ail rights and freedoms.
To promote the achievement of equality, legislative and other measures designed to
protect or advance persons or categories of persons, disadvantaged by unfair discrimination may be taken.'
77 Van HL'erden, paras 45-57. 78 2005 (2) SA 140 (CC). 79 Act 32 of 1944. 80 }afiha, para. 39.
81 Tbid .. para. 54. 82 In general on the importance of this issue to the capacity of courts to funclion as an
institutional voice for the poor, see Charles R. Epp, The Rights RevolllliolJ: Lawyers.
Courts and Tran�rormalion in New
A<;AO Civil action) Health
Court Published
STJ 7
TJSP 15
Total 22
A<;:AO Civil action) Education
Court Published
STJ I
TJSP 11
Total 22
Nature of Social Rights Litigation
Until recently, social rights were seldom the subject of litigation. Military rule curtailed the legislative process and interrupted the traditional means of obtaining
social benl.'fits, namely through legislation and public policies defined through considerations. some social movements force their way
court procedures. true of the many that used court to create obstacle.. individual action impoverished. 14
litigation is of military rule Courts have active role in it not have jurisdiction cases aod they
lack standing to initiate a suit They can, at bl'st, be receptive to such claims.
Courts played a very limited role in resisting the military. Only a few j ustictc's of
the Supreme Federal Court challenged the regime in its core political abuses: Vitor
Nunes Leal. I kl1Tles Lima, Evandro Lins e Silva and Antonio Gont;alves de
Oliveira. Ordinary courts continued to decide casl.'s in which the government (at state or city level) held liable to There was no
whatsoever on financial burdens on this respect In
number of powerful groups, for instance charge of public
(such as contractors). accesa to courts receive generous
The fact that the was fOlUld liable cases, however,
did not represent any challenge to the political abuses of the regime. A large
number of courts, judges and lawyers willingly accepted breaches of the
constitutional order in the name of national security. Theirs was an ideology of the
\'
Index action 3-4, 26, 38-40, 44, 46, 52-3, 55-6,
64, 92, 94-5, 97, 111, 113, 117, 120, 129-35, 137, 142, 145, 147, 149, 154-5, 159, 161-2, 164, 171, 174-9, 181, 183
class 7, 47, 185-6, 189-90, 192, 196-200-6, 208, 211, 263, 266, 268
activism 4, 6, 8, 57, 129-30, 143-4, 147, 155, 158, 160, 169
judicial 1-2, 7-8, 24, 26-7, 29, 97, 99, 104, 121, 129, 133, 143, 146, 148, 150, 156, 161, 166-7, 233-5, 238, 242-4, 250, 266, 274, 278-80
Africa 215-16, 255-6, 263 African National Congress (ANC) Charter of Human and People’s
Rights 218 Allende, Salvador 63, 66 Angola 7, 213-32, 238, 258, 263, 276
Constitution (1991) 213, 218-9, 224, 227-9
courts 213, 215, 220, 223-4, 227-8 NGOs 219, 223 Supreme Court 217, 222, 224-6, 229,
231 Peace Accords 225, 229 Associacão Justica, Paz e
Democracia (AJPD) 223 Bakongo 231 Bar Association of Angola (OAA)
222-3, 225, 228-32 Benguela city 224 colonial period under the Portuguese
219 Herero 231 International Bar Association Human
Rights Institute 228-31 Judiciary Assistance Institute 230 Land Law 219 Law Faculty at the Agostinho Neto
University 225 Lobito 224
Luanda 216, 220-1, 223-4, 228-31 Lunda-Chokwe 231 Mbundu 231 Ministry of Education 222 Movimento para a Libertacão de
Angola (MPLA) 215, 217 Nanguela 231 National Assembly 225 Nyaneka 231 Ordem dos Advogados de Angola
225 Ovimbundu 231 Owambo 231 Parliamentary Commission on
Human Rights 225 Second Republic (1992) 225 União Nacional para a
Indepêndencia Total de Angola (UNITA) 215, 229
United Nations Human Rights Office 229
apartheid see South Africa
Argentina 7, 15-6, 20, 22, 65-6, 101-2, 180-1, 183-4, 261, 264-5, 268, 270, 275, 279
amendments (1994) 180, 270 amendments (542/1999, 157/1998,
939/2000 and 1/2001) 181 Argentinean health law courts 174, 182-3, 264, 268 Generation (1837) 15 Laws 23.660 and 23.661 181 Ministerial Resolutions of the
Ministry of Health and Social Action, 247/96 181
Presidential Decrees 492/95 and 1615 181
Supreme Court 19, 26, 264, 268, 278-9
Berlin, Isaiah 15 Bhagwati, P.N. 111, 121, 155-7, 161,
166, 267, 278-80
302 Courts and Social Transformation in New Democracies
Bolivia 7-8, 180, 233-9, 241, 243-54, 263, 270, 272, 275-6
Andean region 239 Beni 250 coca production 248 Congress 236, 240-2, 244-5, 247,
252 Constitution 234 constitutional reforms (1994) 237,
241-2, 246, 248 constitutional text (1967) 237 Constitutional Tribunal (CT) 234-5,
238, 241-2, 246, 250 Defensoría del Pueblo 244, 253 human rights Ombudsman 8, 234-5,
238, 240-7, 250, 252-3, 263, 270
Instituto Nacional de Reforma Agraria (INRA) 253-4
Land Reform Law (1996) 241, 246, 248, 253
Law of Popular Participation (1994) 248
miners’ union 248 Ministry of Justice 239, 241, 252 Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS)
237, 244, 248 Movimiento Nacionalista
Revolucionario (MNR) 236 National Land Tribunal 254 National Plan on the Prevention and
Eradication of Domestic Violence 245
National Revolution (1952) 7, 236 Regulatory law (1998) 242, 244 Sucre 250, 254 Supreme Court 240-2, 244, 250, 252
Bork, Robert 25 Brazil 7, 78-9, 170, 172, 178, 180, 184,
186, 193-6, 198, 201-3, 206, 208, 210, 263, 279
Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (CADE) 192
Constitution (1891) 180, 186 Constitution (1946) 186, 208 Constitution (1967) 186 Constitution (1988) 7, 180-1, 186,
196, 208 Consumer’s Defense Code (CDC)
198, 202
Courts 170, 185, 192-4, 207 environmental and consumer law
172 Federal Court of Appeals 203 High Court of Justice 7, 187
see Superior Tribunal de Justiça judiciary 7, 186, 194-6 Julgados do Tribunal de Justiça do
Estado de São Paulo 188 Minas Gerais 198 National Data Bank of the Judicial
Power 187 National Education Guidelines Act
198 Official Gazette 208 Porto Alegre 184, 203 Public Health System 197
see Sistema Únificado de Saúde Regional Courts of Appeal 187 Revista de Jurisprudência do STJ e
Tribunais Federais 188 São Paulo State Court of Justice 7,
187-9, 196-8, 203 see Tribunal de Justiça do Estado
de São Paulo Sistema Únificado de Saúde (SUS)
197 Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ)
187-90, 196-9, 208, 210 Supreme Federal Court 187-8, 190
see Supremo Tribunal Federal Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF)
187, 210 Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de São
Paulo (TJSP) 187-8 capability 3, 37, 43-4, 51-3, 55-6, 138,
157, 174, 206-7, 215, 262, 264 capitalism 58, 86, 93
20 change 20, 36, 38, 41, 55, 28, 41, 55, 68,
76-7, 89, 133, 138, 141, 143, 153, 163, 169, 178-9, 184
social 7, 35-6, 41, 61-4, 74, 142-3, 210, 233, 237, 247, 249-250, 255, 274, 279, 281
Chandrachud, Chief Justice 167 Chile 63, 65-6, 73, 75-9, 170, 176, 251,
254, 261, 264 Constitution (1925)
Index 303
Supreme Court 181-3 citizenship 1, 4, 7-8, 62, 76-7, 91, 115,
139, 207, 233, 237, 244-5, 247-9, 254, 271, 277
Colombia 6-7, 79, 127-30, 133, 135-6, 138, 140, 142-3, 147-50, 170, 172, 178, 180, 207, 242, 254. 263-4, 267, 270, 272-3, 278
Colombian Constitutional Court (CCC) 5, 121, 127-32, 136-7, 139-42, 144-5, 150, 182, 261, 266, 270, 272-3, 278
Colombian social rights law 172 Congress 130-1, 136, 141 Constituent Assembly 128, 130, 148 Constitution (1991) 128-32, 134, 140-2, 144-5, 147-8, 150, 170, 180-1 court 264 Democratic Alliance–April Nineteen
Movement (AD-M19) 130, 148
National Salvation Movement 130 Patriotic Union 148 Social Security Institute (ISS) 134 Supreme Court of Justice 128 U’wa community 263
Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) 67, 100-1, 170, 172, 181, 183
communism 19, 77, 86, 102, 256 community 2, 20-2, 39-41, 45, 47, 51-2,
64-5, 73, 79, 91, 114, 145-6, 151, 160, 202, 237-9, 241, 247-8, 263, 267, 272, 274
compliance 3, 37, 43-4, 53-7, 112, 155, 161, 171, 175, 177, 183, 192-5, 207, 214, 218, 244-5, 250, 253, 261, 266, 270, 272
conservative 4, 13, 24-6, 35, 64, 77, 130, 138, 141, 145, 148, 277-8
constitution 13, 17, 20-6, 28-9, 62, 64, 68, 76, 79, 85, 87-9, 91, 93-6, 120, 128-32, 134, 140-2, 144-5, 147, 150. 153-5, 158, 160-1, 164-8, 169-70, 173-5, 187, 193, 196, 198-9, 203-5, 209-10, 214, 218-9, 224, 228-9, 256, 261, 263, 274, 276, 278, 281
communist constitutions 86, 88
post-colonial constitutions 15 corruption 45-6, 48, 109, 128, 217, 222,
227, 229-230, 236, 240, 254, 263
Costa Rica 178, 180 constitutional court 267
court 1-9, 18-20, 24-6, 28, 35-52, 54-9, 61, 66, 68, 71-4, 83-5, 88-9, 92-3, 95-7, 107-125, 127-37, 139, 142-6, 148-51, 153-68, 170-1, 173-84, 213-8, 220-9, 231, 233-5, 238-40, 252-4, 256-8, 261-3, 266-70, 272-4, 276, 278-82
capacity 5, 107, 116, 125, 138 constitutional 5, 83-4, 92-4, 107-
124, 127-32, 135-7, 139-45, 150, 171, 178
control 119, 268 European or Inter-American Courts
of Human Rights 173 High Court 109-10, 117-8, 121, 129,
155, 160, 163-4, 187 national 6, 169 post-communist constitutional 90,
95-7 pro-poor action 3-5, 110, 116, 264,
271-3, 275, 278 responsiveness 3, 37, 43-4, 49-51,
53, 57, 171, 174-5, 179, 262
role of 1-2, 5-6, 9, 44, 85, 121, 163, 271-2
Courtis, Christian 6, 75, 148, 169, 181-2, 184, 210, 269-70
Couso, Javier A. 2, 4, 61, 234, 250, 255, 266, 271-2, 280
crisis 77, 86, 90, 97-8, 114, 129, 132-3, 136-7, 142, 146, 236, 250-1
Critical Legal Studies Movement 76 culture 43, 54-5, 86, 98, 129, 132, 141,
170, 218, 245-6, 250, 272 legal 49-50, 52, 172, 180, 214, 220,
223, 238, 244-5, 274, 278 Czech Republic 103
Constitutional Court 93 Czechoslovak Charter 94 Government Regulation, No.
15/1994 Sb. 93
304 Courts and Social Transformation in New Democracies
democracy 2-3, 5, 13, 18-25, 27-8, 46, 57-8, 61, 64, 71, 73, 76-7, 85, 91, 123-5, 127, 140, 147-8, 150, 162, 165, 169, 214, 223, 229, 237, 240, 251, 254, 261, 271-2, 277, 280, 282
contemporary Western democracies 21
deliberative 3-4, 8 13, 27, 150, 265 democracies 1-2, 4, 17, 19, 57, 61,
67, 87, 95, 104, 120, 124, 228, 239, 249, 256, 275, 279
electoral 62, 65, 236 majoritarian 15, 140 participative 21, 23, 27, 148, 160 pluralist 13-14, 17, 19, 21, 27 theories of Democracy 13, 19, 26-7,
29, 84-5, 104, 127, 214, 228, 261
democratisation 8, 136, 249, 279 development 1, 2, 4, 8, 17-8, 35-6, 38-9,
52, 55, 57-8, 62, 65, 68, 70, 72, 104, 108, 113, 116, 121-2, 127, 130, 138, 147, 149-50, 158, 162-3, 169-73, 178-80, 182, 184, 188, 194-5, 202, 210, 214-6, 228-30, 233, 235, 241, 245, 250-1, 254-6, 268-72, 275, 280
dialogue 3-4, 29, 52, 73, 266, 278 dictatorship 65-6 discrimination 70, 99, 114-8, 124, 144,
160, 169-70, 184, 191, 194, 213-4, 230, 258
Domingo, Pilar 1, 8, 133, 251, 255 Dugard, Jackie 5, 107, 256, 278 Ecuador 180 education 7, 38, 45, 49, 61, 66-7, 69-71,
86, 93-4, 117, 122, 132, 134, 147, 158, 169-71, 176, 179-82, 185, 187-90, 192-3, 197-200-6, 217-9, 221-2, 225-6, 262, 264, 273
election 23, 91, 145, 155, 164, 216, 229, 237, 248, 251
elite 5, 22, 29, 52, 62, 97-9, 154, 216, 227, 236-7, 247, 276
El Salvador 176, 178, 180, 183 employment 61, 66, 69-70, 72, 98, 154,
163, 230
enforcement 6, 8, 13, 68, 74, 83-5, 95, 97, 110, 113, 119, 123, 127-8, 131-2, 137-9, 141, 143-4, 155-6, 158, 169-71, 173, 174, 176-7, 179-80, 187, 193, 214, 218, 250, 255-61, 268, 270, 279
England 19 British Constitution 277
entitlement 83-4, 88-9, 91, 97, 138, 154, 159, 163, 170, 173, 234, 237, 240, 251, 270, 272
equality 22, 28, 39, 65, 91, 93-5, 103-4, 117-8, 124, 128, 132-5, 140, 150, 164, 178, 206, 270
Europe 255 Central 96, 255 Eastern 2, 61-2, 83, 89, 96-7, 255 Eastern European constitutional
courts 278 European Community 91 European Union 84, 183, 231-2 exclusion 4, 61, 111, 115, 118, 174, 235,
238, 248 France 22, 24
Constitutions (1791) 22 French administrative law 177 French Constitutional Council 103 French Declaration of the Rights of
Man 62 French doctrine of constitutional
objectives Jacobin Constitution (1793) 22 Revolution 22, 24, 63
Gargarella, Roberto 2-4, 124, 214, 228,
233, 255, 261, 277, 279 Germany 96
centralised German model German constitutional jurisprudence
Bundesverfassungsgerichtshof 96
German courts 92 German understanding 94
Gloppen, Siri 2-3, 7-8, 35, 120, 124, 154, 157, 161, 163, 166-7, 171, 173, 206-7, 215, 219, 223, 226, 228, 232-3, 244, 249-50, 256, 262, 271, 274, 279
Index 305
group 1, 4, 9, 14-5, 22-3, 26, 46-7, 56-7, 61-2, 65-6, 68, 70, 72-4, 83, 107, 111, 116, 118, 120, 122, 128, 130-2, 153-4, 169, 174, 176-7, 179, 219, 223, 231, 235, 237-41, 244, 246-7, 255, 262, 266-7, 274-5
disadvantaged 3-6, 8, 28, 87, 89, 93, 117, 155-7, 161, 163, 166, 233, 240, 263, 267-8, 272, 275
poor and socially marginalized 28, 35-6, 39-43, 46-8, 50, 52, 84, 86-7, 91, 134-5, 138, 143, 145, 148, 155, 185, 214-5, 217, 220, 226
habeas corpus 65, 155, 242 Hamilton, Alexander 13-4, 18, 20, 277 health 7, 18, 21, 38, 41, 62, 66, 69-71,
87, 89-90, 93, 95, 113, 123, 132-5, 140, 144-7, 149, 151, 158, 171-3, 177-87, 189-91, 196-7, 200, 202, 206, 209, 218-9, 225-6, 243-4
HIV/AIDS 114, 177, 181-2, 243 Honduras
Constitution 170, 180 housing 62, 66, 69-70, 84-5, 94-6, 98,
100, 103-5, 113-4, 118, 132, 135-7, 147, 169-71, 173-4, 176, 179-82, 194, 225-6, 270
human rights 1, 4, 40, 42, 65-8, 70, 72, 74, 91, 101, 121-4, 129, 156-7, 161, 163, 165, 169-70, 173, 175, 178, 184, 216, 221, 225, 227-32, 234-5, 238, 240-6, 253, 263, 270, 272-3, 279-80
Declaration of Human Rights (1948) 68-72, 86, 218
Human Rights Index (2003) 216 Human Rights Watch 66, 229 international humans rights law 62,
68, 73-4 Hungary 5, 83, 86, 89-91, 94, 96-100,
103, 255, 258, 263, 278-9 Amendment, the (1989) 85-7 Budapest 86, 105
Hungarian Constitutional Court (HCC) 83-5, 88-92, 94, 96-7, 267, 278-9
ratchet effect 89 Hungarian Constitution (1949) 85,
255 late communist Kadar regime 96 northeastern provinces of 86
inclusion 35-9, 43-4, 86, 88, 99, 153,
188, 207, 237, 256 India 2, 6, 57, 84, 111, 153-67, 228, 263,
273, 275-6, 278-80 Agra 163, 280 Anganwadi Centres (AWCS) 159 Bonded Labour Liberation 156 castes 153-4, 160, 165 Congress 155, 164 Constituent Assembly 153 Constitution (1950) 153-5, 158, 160-
1, 164-8, 278 courts 92, 153-68, 261, 264, 278 Criminal Law Amendment Act 162 Dalits 153-4, 160, 163 Gandhi, Indira 155, 164 High Courts 154-5, 160, 163
Allahabad 155, 164 Andhra Pradesh 155 Bombay 155, 160 Delhi 154-5, 160, 163 Gujarat 160 Haryana 160 Himachal Pradesh 160 Karnataka, 155, 160 Kerala 160 Madhya Pradesh 155, 160 Madras 155, 160, 163 Patna 160 Punjab 155, 160 Rajasthan 155, 160
Hindu 153, 165, 167 independence (1947) 153 Jayaprakash Narayan 164 Law Commission 162 Law Faculty of Delhi University 162 Muslim 165 New Delhi 154, 156 parliament 154, 162, 164-6 Penal Code (1860) 162 Penderel Moon 154
306 Courts and Social Transformation in New Democracies
People' s Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) 167
Pinotti, Judge Public Interest Litigation (PIL) 155-
7, 163, 166-7 Punjab Cycle Riksha, the 158 Punjab National Bank 158 Rajya Sabha 164 Regulation of Rikshaws Act (1975)
158 Sikh 165 Supreme Court 6, 35, 92, 95, 97,
104, 112, 122, 154-8, 160, 162-8, 267-9, 276, 278
inequality 1-2, 24, 37-8, 40, 58, 67, 73, 99, 147, 153, 213-4, 233, 235, 238, 269, 275
inflation 88, 100, 135-6, 199, 236 Inter-American Development Bank
(IADB) 239 Internally Displaced Person (IDP) 228 International Covenant on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 68, 71-2, 169, 213, 218
International Labour Organization (ILO) 129, 133, 249
International Non-governmental Organisation (NGO) 47, 61, 65-6, 74, 78, 179, 219, 222-3, 168, 272, 275
judges 1-4, 8, 13, 17-8, 20-1, 23-29, 36-
7, 39-40, 43, 47, 50-3, 55, 57, 59, 64, 84, 108-9, 111, 117, 119-20, 127, 129-30, 133, 136-9, 141, 145, 147-8, 150, 154-8, 160-1, 163-4, 166-7, 169, 171-2, 174-7, 179, 186-8, 191-3, 195-6, 204-5, 208-10, 213-5, 217-8, 221-8, 240, 244, 255-62, 264, 268-70, 276-8, 280
judgment 37, 40-2, 44, 52-6, 59, 108-9, 112-4, 118-9, 136, 154, 161, 164, 175, 177
judiciary 6, 13, 16-8, 21, 23-4, 26-8, 36-7, 40 47-8, 50, 61, 63, 68, 73, 111, 119, 124, 129, 138, 147, 154-8, 160-3, 165, 167, 171, 175, 178-9, 186, 194-6, 213,
217, 224-5, 227, 230, 252, 255-6, 259, 263-4, 274, 277-9, 281
jurisprudence 5, 36, 39-40, 52, 56, 83-5, 87, 96, 107, 111-3, 116, 118, 123-4, 131, 148, 155-6, 161, 170, 172, 228, 230, 242-3, 250, 253, 278, 280
jurisprudential resources 51-2, 226 justice 5, 36, 46-8, 84, 96, 107, 109,
111, 119, 122, 128-30, 134, 138, 141, 147, 153-4, 156-7, 160-2, 166-7, 233-4, 241, 248
distributive 25, 111, 209, 185, 191, 194,-5, 204-5, 209, 211
social 2, 62-4, 74, 85, 90, 128, 130, 141, 149-50, 205, 237, 268
Korean Supreme Court 92 Langa, Justice Pius 264, 279 language 62, 76, 85-6, 147, 166, 170-1,
173, 189, 210, 220, 223, 234, 237, 240-1, 256-7, 270-2
Latin America 2, 4, 15, 20, 22, 61-6, 68, 71-4, 169, 172, 180, 229, 236, 238, 251, 255-6, 263, 268, 270, 272, 278-80, 282
law 1, 3, 8, 15, 17-8, 20-1, 24-6, 35, 38-40, 42, 47-8, 50-3, 56, 58-9, 61-5, 68-9, 71-4, 85, 88-91, 107-8, 110-1, 115-6, 120-2, 124-5, 129, 131-6, 138-9, 141-2, 148, 150, 154-8, 161-5, 169-75, 177-8, 181-4, 188-9, 191-4, 196, 201-2, 205, 207-10, 216-9, 221-2, 224-5, 227, 229-32, 233, 235. 237-8, 251-4, 241-2, 244-6, 248, 250-4, 255, 258-9, 262-4, 267, 270-2, 274-7, 279-81
lawyers 7, 25, 48, 58, 63, 72-3, 76, 109, 119, 121, 125, 141, 154, 157, 161, 166-7, 172, 179, 188, 191, 196, 199, 201-5, 207-9, 221-5, 228, 231, 239, 242-3, 255, 258, 262, 267, 278-9
legislation 7, 13, 23, 25, 28, 37, 43, 47, 55-6, 62-3, 75-6, 78, 85, 88, 90, 92, 97, 107, 111, 113-4, 116, 120, 129, 131, 135-6,
Index 307
148, 166, 173, 177, 185, 190-2, 194, 198-200, 205, 209, 214, 217-9, 227, 230, 232, 259, 262, 277
legislature 3, 13, 16, 18, 20, 22-3, 29, 92-3, 154, 162, 166, 172, 175, 179, 261, 274
legitimacy 6, 26, 39, 46, 54-5, 67-9, 72, 76, 90, 129-30, 138-40, 145, 235, 247, 250, 256, 259, 264, 266, 268, 273, 276
liberalism 16, 64-5, 69, 71, 276 market liberalism 93
liberty 15, 17-8, 20, 25, 65, 148, 157-8 liberties 19-20, 67, 75, 147 civil and political liberties 2, 153,
158, 166, 243 liberty of contract 19
Lopes, José Reinaldo de Lima 209, 210 majority 14-15, 18, 20, 22, 62, 67, 86,
91, 96-7, 111-2, 116, 118, 138, 143, 163-5, 187, 198, 201, 209, 213, 216, 219-21, 223-5, 229, 236, 244, 247, 252
Mandela, Nelson 279 Marshall, Justice 13, 18, 20 marxist thought 63-4, 77 Mexico 75, 79, 181, 170, 172, 176, 180-
1, 183-4, 250, 264, 268, 275 Constitution (1814) 22 Constitution (1917) Revolution (1910) 76
Mill, John Stuart 15-6 minority 26, 67, 128, 132, 160, 165, 169,
199, 279 mobilisation 35, 38, 44-6, 48-9, 56, 62,
130, 138-9, 142, 202, 234-5, 248-50, 275
legal 1, 3, 6, 8, 74, 233-5, 237-9, 241-2, 246, 249, 263, 270-4, 278
movement 2, 68-9, 76, 78, 130, 132, 136-7, 141-2, 145-6, 148, 151, 156, 161
social 7, 8, 61, 76, 127, 129-32, 141-2, 145-6, 151, 185-6, 189-90, 202, 234, 237, 246, 250, 272, 275-6, 281
participation 2, 17, 19, 21, 27-29, 38, 69, 128-9, 138, 147, 149, 166, 186-7, 200, 237, 242, 248, 268
see progressive Pathak, Justice 166 pension 38, 85-6, 88, 90, 97, 117, 135,
159, 178, 184, 191, 202, 243, 253
Perón, Juan Domingo 76 Peru 23, 77, 178, 180, 184
Constitution (1933) Social and National Guarantees
Peruvian Tejada Sendero Luminoso 77
Pinochet, General 66 pluralism 17, 19, 47-8, 231
legal 7-8, 142, 234-5, 239, 241, 245, 247-8, 250, 254, 263, 272
pluralist 20-3, 26-7, 128, 141 see conservative
Poland 65, 89-90, 278 Pension Act (1990) 100, 102 Polish Constitution (1952) 90, 100 Polish Constitution (1997) 94 Polish courts 89, 100 Polish pension 98 Polish Tribunal 88-90, 99-100, 102,
104 Solidarity 100
policy 3, 5, 20, 24, 35, 37-9, 42-3, 52, 55-7, 61, 71-2, 74, 78, 83-4, 90, 107, 110, 113-9, 124, 132, 134, 137, 153-4, 158, 165-6, 170, 174, 176, 180, 186-7, 190-2, 194, 196-7, 200, 202-7, 236, 244, 266, 270, 272, 280-1
economic 4, 65, 68, 127, 130-1, 135-40, 276
neo-liberal 130 welfare 83-4, 87, 91
poor 5-7, 35-6, 40, 44-8, 51-2, 55, 57-8, 63, 69, 71, 77, 85, 91, 97, 107-114, 116, 118-120, 125, 154-7, 161, 163, 165, 185-6, 200, 206, 213-7, 219-24, 226-8, 230-2, 233, 235, 256, 267, 276
pro-poor 3, 6-9, 36-8, 40, 110, 113, 118, 260, 268, 270, 275, 278
action 3-4, 26, 38-40, 44, 46, 52-3, 55-6, 64, 92, 94-5, 97,
308 Courts and Social Transformation in New Democracies
111, 113, 117, 120, 129-35, 137, 142, 145, 147, 149, 154-5, 159, 161-2, 164, 171, 174-9, 181, 183, 270, 276
court action 3-4, 8, 110, 116, 120, 264, 270-3, 275, 278-9
judicial activism 1, 8, 234-5, 274 decisions, 274
legal 4, 6, 110 action 3 mobilisation 235
legislation 107, 116 litigation 8, 119, 238, 247 norm changes 5 rights 113, 247 rulings 6, 8, 264
poverty 4, 6, 7, 35-6, 61, 67, 71-3, 84, 86, 95, 123, 147, 154, 214, 216, 219, 225, 229, 235-6, 246, 251, 253, 269, 275, 279
privatization 77, 104 progressive 6, 24, 26, 61-9, 71-4, 77,
101, 128-33, 138, 141, 143-7, 151, 170, 174, 194, 234, 237-8, 243-5, 249-50, 255, 262, 270-1
see participation property 16-19-20, 77, 88, 90-1, 102,
118, 147, 171-2, 176-7, 179-80, 185, 189, 191, 193-4, 200, 205, 208-9, 219, 248, 254, 258, 261, 269-70
race 2, 38, 116, 124, 214, 233, 264, 273 reason 7-8, 14-8, 20, 22, 24, 27, 29, 77,
96-7, 100, 112-3, 119-20, 127, 137, 140, 142-3, 147, 167, 173, 179, 193, 195, 206, 214-6, 220, 225, 227-8, 238, 255-8, 260-1, 267, 274
reasoning 36, 121, 124, 157, 209 legal 5, 192, 194, 202-3, 204-5, 211
recurso de amparo constitucional 177-8, 183, 242, 267
see tutela reform 2, 5, 28, 35-6, 61, 63, 65, 77, 79,
97, 104-5, 150, 158, 167
constitutional 24, 131, 216, 234, 237, 240-2, 244, 246, 248, 266
electoral institutional judicial law state 4,8, 148
regime 19, 22, 36, 61, 64-6, 73, 75-6, 78, 80, 96, 100, 139
military regimes 64-5, 67, 74, 77-8 representation 61, 109-11, 118, 121,
129, 160, 176, 179, 186, 201 repression 64-5, 78 resistance 6, 93, 138, 142-3, 260-1 review 39, 47, 83-5, 88, 92-3, 96, 108,
113, 115-6, 119, 131, 135, 139-40, 162
judicial 18, 23, 28, 92, 128-9, 148, 150, 164, 166, 173-5, 177-8, 184, 186, 244, 272, 277, 279, 281
revolution 63-5, 76, 125, 128, 142, 153, 164, 166, 192, 236-7, 249, 251, 271-2, 278-80
rights 2-6, 8, 13-4, 16, 18-21, 23-5, 27-9, 36, 39-41, 61-2, 65-78, 84-97, 109, 111-8, 121-5, 127-36, 138-43, 145, 147-50, 153-8, 161, 163-7, 169-80, 186, 189-94, 196-8, 199-200-2, 204-6, 213-4, 216, 218-9, 221-2, 226-7, 229-35, 238-51, 253-9, 261-4, 267, 270-81
children 117, 169, 172, 201, 246 civil and political 13, 16, 24, 40, 65-
9, 71-2, 75-6, 91, 115, 128, 132, 140, 173, 185, 189, 214, 225, 229, 237, 243, 247, 250, 256-60, 270, 276
classical 171 freedom from censorship 171 individual 14, 16, 19, 29, 62, 65,
8896, 139, 185, 189, 191, 202, 205, 256
private 15 property 3, 20, 26, 28, 77, 88,
90-1, 171-2, 176, 180, 185, 194, 258, 261, 270
security 14, 70, 96
Index 309
constitutional 88, 93, 95, 113, 128, 134, 149, 173, 177, 219, 269, 281
indigenous 169, 234, 245, 248-50 judiciary 20 labour 132, 147, 149, 178, 218, 225,
230, 243 language 147, 170, 189, 270 revolution 1, 2, 4, 248, 271, 278-9 social 2-3, 5, 7-8, 13, 16-7, 20-1, 23-
7, 29, 35-40, 76, 83-9, 91-7, 107, 113-6, 118-9, 123, 127-32, 134, 137-41, 143, 146-9, 163, 169-80, 185-7, 189-201, 203, 205-7, 210, 213-5, 217-9, 222, 224, 226-8, 255-64, 266-71, 274-80
socio-economic 2-9, 66-9, 71-4, 79, 87, 124, 163, 163, 169-70, 172, 213-4, 217-22, 224-8, 234, 237-8, 240, 242, 249-50, 252, 263, 269-73, 277
to education 93-4, 147, 169-71, 179, 186, 193, 198-201, 210, 226, 273
to food 159, 171, 173, 179 to freedom of expression 243 to healthcare 87, 89, 93, 113, 121,
133-5, 144-7, 151, 169-74, 177, 179, 186, 193, 196-7, 200, 226, 243
to housing 94, 96, 113, 118, 135, 147, 169-71, 173-4, 176, 179-82, 225-6
to legal representation 109-10, 118, 121
to social security 89-90, 113, 115, 169-70, 178
to the situation of vulnerable groups or minorities 169, 239, 245
to work 181 women 169, 245 workers 133, 150, 169-70, 189, 246-
7 Roux, Theunis 5, 57-8, 107, 124-5, 255-
6, 278-9 Russia 99-100
case of Gulag victims 100 Russian Constitutional Court 120 Russian Revolution
Soviet Union 65
Sajó, András 5, 75, 83, 99, 101-2, 105, 150, 255, 258, 267, 279, 281
Scalia, Justice 25 security 70, 89, 95-6, 120, 180, 191,
210, 218, 228, 251-2 social security 61, 66, 69, 70-2, 86-7,
90, 94-6, 113, 115, 134, 169-70, 178, 182, 184
social security system 90, 115, 134, 140, 170, 184
Skaar, Elin 7, 57-8, 124, 213, 229, 238, 258, 263, 279
Slovenia 99 society 1-2, 5, 14, 20-3, 27-8, 35-42, 46-
7, 55-6, 58, 69, 75-7, 86, 90-1, 94-5, 97, 119, 122, 128-9, 131, 138-9, 141-2, 148, 150, 153, 157, 160-2, 166, 170, 173, 185, 191, 194-5, 200-2, 206, 213-4, 232-4, 237-9, 243-5, 247-9, 275-6
multi-ethnic 235, 239, 248 pluri-cultural 239, 248
South Africa 2, 57, 75, 84, 103, 108-9, 115-6, 119-124, 216, 256, 263, 269-70, 272-3, 275-80
apartheid 5, 57, 79, 116-7, 120, 264, 276
socio-economic legacy 5, 116, 120
Appellate Division of the Supreme Court 108
Cape High Court 117-8 Constitution (1993) 108 Constitution (1996) 101, 103, 109,
256, 269, 277 Constitutional Court 35, 103, 107-8,
110, 112, 261, 264, 266, 269, 277-9
Criminal Procedure Act 51 (1977) 111, 121
Legal Aid Board 123 Parliament 117 Pretoria City 116
Council 116 High Court 116
Port Elizabeth Municipality 113-5, 123-4
310 Courts and Social Transformation in New Democracies
Social Assistance Act 59 (1992) 113 South African Human Rights
Commission 112, 114 Supreme Court of Appeal 108 Treatment Action Campaign (TAC)
113-5, 123 Transvaal Provincial Division of the
High Court 109 stability 14-5, 17, 19, 21, 144, 215, 236 state 3-4, 6, 16-9, 21, 25, 38, 46, 51-2,
54-5, 62-3, 65, 68, 71, 73, 85-97, 109-11, 113-7, 119-21, 124, 128-30, 132, 134-42, 147-50, 153-5, 159, 164-7, 170, 172-5, 177-80, 182-3, 185-7, 190, 193-4, 196-8, 200, 202-6, 209-11, 213, 215-8, 222-3, 225-30, 234-7, 239, 242-6, 249-50, 252-5, 258, 260, 262, 269-71, 273, 276-7, 281
Story, Justice 18 strategies 1, 3, 5-8, 36-7, 46-7, 49-50,
53, 57, 61, 74, 78, 110, 120, 130, 132-3, 135-7, 141-3, 145-7, 150, 156, 161, 179, 181, 206, 217, 223, 229, 234-5, 237, 244, 248, 255, 263, 271, 276
legal mobilisation 1, 6-8, 233, 242, 263, 270-2, 274
struggle 65-6, 76, 79, 141-2, 146, 228, 231, 272-4, 276-7, 280
class 132, 248 marginalized people's 35 political 8-9, 132, 142, 146, 234, 272 social 3-4, 8, 132, 142, 147, 195,
234, 272 Sudarshan, R. 6, 103, 153, 167, 228 transformation 20, 36-4, 48, 50, 52-6,
58-9, 61-3, 68, 71-4, 108, 110, 118, 120, 122, 124, 137, 148, 279
performance 36-9, 41-4, 46, 48, 51-2, 55-8
social 1, 3-4, 6-9, 35-44, 48, 50, 56-7, 118, 141-2, 146-7, 153-5, 157, 163, 165, 214-5, 220, 227-8, 233-4, 238-9, 241, 247-51, 253-6, 263, 270, 272, 274-8
tribunal 18, 20, 46, 51, 89, 100, 139, 264, 272
constitutional 8, 102, 137-8, 140, 143, 148-50, 234-5, 238, 241-2, 246, 250
tutela 129, 131-5, 140, 148-50, 177-8, 181, 183-4, 242, 267
see recurso de amparo constitucional o de protección
tyranny 22-3, 75 United Nations 65, 68, 70-2, 229-31
General Assembly 101 UN Committee on Economic, Social
and Cultural Rights 100, 181, 183, 276
UN Committee on the Rights of the Child 172
UN Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
UN Human Development Report 230, 271
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 230, 251, 271
United Nations World Convenant on Human Rights 67, 86
United States 14, 20, 24, 27, 61, 69-71, 75-6, 78, 83, 94, 175, 191-2, 195, 251, 268, 277
American Founding Fathers 14-5 Congress 17 Constitution 14-5, 17-8, 20, 24-6, 62
republican language (1787) constitutional law 62, 68, 72, 74-6,
175 courts 187, 192, 196 Economic Bill of Rights’ 70 Fourteenth Amendment 17 liberty of contract 17-8 New Deal 20, 25, 69-70, 72, 194-5 rebellion of Shays 24 Supreme Court 17-9, 24, 26, 207,
268 Warren Court 24-5
Unity of Constant Acquisitive Power (UPAC) 136, 144-6 Uprimny Yepes, Rodrigo 5-6, 121, 127,
148, 182, 242 Uruguay 76, 78-9
Index 311
Van-Dúnem, José Octávio Serra 7,
213, 230, 238, 258, 263 victims 7, 45, 48, 66, 91, 100, 140, 162-
3, 171, 176, 179, 281 violence 5, 14, 22, 24, 77, 128, 130, 133,
148, 243, 245, 252, 266, 273 voice 3, 6-7, 36-7, 43-52, 57, 101, 119-
20, 161, 171, 176, 179, 206-7, 217, 220, 226-8, 220, 226, 232, 234-5, 237-40, 245-6, 250, 262-3
institutional 5, 107, 116, 120, 125, 165, 217, 227-8
voicing 42-3, 45
vote 14, 79, 91, 130, 163, 241-2, 252, 257, 277-8
Warren, Earl 24 women 19, 40, 76, 78, 104, 108, 122,
159-60, 162-3, 169, 206, 231, 245, 272-3
workers 19-20, 65, 76, 98, 132-3, 135, 147, 150, 156, 169-70, 173, 184, 189, 200, 206, 211, 218, 246, 248
oclal Transfonna on in ew Democracies Poor?
anal, Public,
from Latin America, Africa, India and Eastern Europe, th ., o COlI s channel for sac; I r n1format lon for ellciuded
'n cant mpOt�ry democracIeS With a focus on SOCial r ghu htlg41tlon
1 0 post·au nori nan r im or In tlle cant at frag i le state control, the contrlbutorl asseu the rol of Jud cl I processes In altenng (or perpetuating) SOCial and economic
lnequahtles and power relations In SOCIety DraWIng on Interd,sc ,plinary e pertlS! In the
fIelds of law. pol ttlcal theory and pol tt lca l Set nee, the chapters add ress theoretical
debates and present empirical case stud ies to eumlOe recent trends J O SOCial r ight!
l it igat Ion.
A tnte�tng volume. whJch bnngs togethH the latest �p on the constItUtional
protection of �lfare rightl A must-read for legal and politlall theorists Interested in Issue as well as ant,-poverty actiV/Sf$ and lawyers
Or eeclle Fabre. London School of EConomiCS, U I(
Rich In rheorer/Cal reflection. empirical � and policy 1ITIP/lCatlOnS. the book reprPSeflts a highJy commeoo.ble contribution to the com� study of democrahz.Jbon, judicUJl
politics and democrattc cttu.nship. Both schol¥s and practffloners w,1I benefit grea IJ from this multi-faceted study.
Or Andr Austria
This book contains detailed analysis of recent e perience In coun tries h re SOCial nd economic interests have bHn enforced through tM courts It s mportM fNdtng 10/
nyane concerned WIth protecting tM b.JSIC needs of the least arN n ged Thomas Pogge. ProfessoMl Researm �Iow, Cent or ApplJ Ph osoph�
and Publl( Etll lts. Australia. The Australian Natlona Un! rstty. Au li . Charles Sturt UnIVerSity, Australia and Onlv rs(ty 0 Me boum . AUstral ia
ThIs impotfant voltJrM focuses on trends In • wide range of key COl.Ultl es where sodal fights ht,gatlOfl has mrie«J recently cJ.wIop«J JOm(' rea' mo tum. ft explores thf! factors behind th� developm«Jts. tracing their orlgms and Institutional traj«t�s. and also consiMrs rhe b�r poIrttca' dynamICS lllVO/ved, rec /zing limitatloru as �I as the potential of thIS approach to SOCIal If)COfpOrat of the poor.
lzM'ence Whiten ad, Fellow t Nuf eld Col lege. Unl rs ity of 0 ford. UI<
I S B N 0 - 7 5 4 6 - 4 7 8 3 - 8
AS H GATE