Download - RNA, DNA, and Protein Synthesis
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RNA, DNA, and Protein Synthesis
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
A double stranded molecule containing genetic material that carries all the information about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring.
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Nucleotides (building blocks of DNA)
LllDNA Nucleotide
1. Sugar
2. Phosphate group
3. Nitrogenous base
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Nitrogen Bases
The 4 nitrogen bases in DNA are:
adenine, guanine, cytosine, andthymine.
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The Structure of DNA
Rosalind FranklinUsed X-Ray crystallography to get information about the structure of DNA.
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Structure of DNAUsing Rosalind Franklin’s data, two scientists:James Watson (USA)Francis Crick (GBR)Proposed that DNA was a double-helix.
Watson & Crick along with Maurice Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for their work.
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The Double-HelixA twisted ladder with two long chains of alternating phosphates and sugars. The nitrogen bases act as the “rungs” joining the two strands.
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How long is your DNA?
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Chromosome Structure:
Chromosomes are complexes of DNA wound around proteins (called histones) residing in the nucleus of the cell. Genes are sections of DNA that code for a specific protein that determines a particular characteristic.
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Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)RNA is similar to DNA in that it is also a nucleic acid composed of 4 nucleotides.
Ways RNA is different from DNA:
1) RNA contains Ribose, a 5-carbon sugar (instead of deoxyribose)
2) Uracil replaces thymine
3) Single-stranded
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Messenger RNA (mRNA) Copies a section
of DNA by matching bases.
Contains the instructions (recipe) for producing a specific protein.
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TRANSCRIPTION The process of copying
information from a section of DNA into mRNA.
Transcription is like copying down a recipe. In this case it’s a recipe for a specific protein.
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TRANSLATION Translation =
reading or “translating” the RNA code to form a chain of amino acids.
Results in protein synthesis
Occurs in the cytoplasm.
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Transfer RNA (tRNA)
tRNA acts like a truck to transport an amino acid to the ribosome to make the specific protein coded by the mRNA.
A specific amino acid is attached to one end.
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The Genetic Code
The genetic code is responsible for building all the proteins in the body using 20 different amino acids.
Amino acids
Protein molecule
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The genetic code is the “language” that translates the sequence of nitrogen bases in DNA (mRNA) into the amino acids of a protein.
Codon = three nucleotides on DNA or mRNA One codon specifies one amino acid Some codons are redundant (code for the
same amino acid) The genetic code is universal to all
organisms
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Codon: A three letter “word” (sequence of RNA nucleotides) that specifies an amino acid.
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DNA: TAC CTT GTG CAT GGG ATC
mRNA AUG GAA CAC GUA CCC UAG
A.A MET G.A HIS VAL PRO STOP
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