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Definition of Terms Parasite microorganism that lives in or on another
and obtains its nourishment from it
Pathogenecity virulence and potency ofmicroorganism
Colonization presence of organisms in bodysecretions or excretions that does not cause illness
Carrier person or animal that harbors a specificinfectious agent and serve as potential source ofinfection yet does not manifest signs of disease
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Definition of Terms
Susceptible host any person who is at risk forinfection
Compromised host person at increased risk, who forone or more reason more likely than others to acquire
an infection Bactericidal agents that destroys bacteria
Bacteriostatic agents that prevents the growth andreproduction of some bacteria
Sterilization process that destroys allmicroorganisms, including spores and viruses
Spores round or oval structure enclosed in a toughcapsule
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Definition of Terms Infection invasion of body tissue by any
microorganism
Antiseptics agents that inhibit the growth of somemicroorganisms
Disinfectants agents that destroy pathogens otherthan spores and sterilization
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Types of Infection
1. Local Infection- Is limited to specific part ofthe body where the microorganisms remain.
2. Systemic Infection Microorganisms spread
and damage different parts of the body.3. Bacteremia When a culture of the persons
blood reveals a microorganisms.
4. Septicemia When bacteremia results insystemic infection.
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Types of InfectionAcute Infection Generally appear and suddenly or
last a short time. Chronic Infection- may occur slowly, over a long
period, and may last months or years.
Nosocomial Infection are classified as infections thatare associated with the delivery of health care servicesin a health care facility
Endogenous source microorganism causing diseaseoriginates from the client
Exogenous source Coming from the hospitalenvironment or hospital personnel.
Iatrogenic infection - are the direct result of diagnosticor therapeutic procedures
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Chain of Infection Etiologic agent microorganism
Reservoir
Portal of exit from the reservoir Method/mode of transmission
Portal of entry into a host
Susceptibility of the host
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Chain of Infection
INFECTIOUS AGENT
A microbial organism with the ability to cause
disease. The greater the organism'svirulence (ability to
grow and multiply), invasiveness (ability toenter tissue) and pathogenicity(ability to
cause disease), the greater the possibility thatthe organism will cause an infection
Infectious agents are bacteria, virus, fungi, and
parasites.
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Chain of Infection
RESERVOIR A place within which microorganisms can thrive and
reproduce
For example, microorganisms thrive in human beings,animals, and inanimate objects such as water, table tops, anddoorknobs.
PORTAL OF EXIT
A place of exit providing a way for a microorganism to leavethe reservoir
For example, the microorganism may leave the reservoirthrough the nose or mouth when someone sneezes or coughs
Microorganisms, carried away from the body by feces, mayalso leave the reservoir of an infected bowel.
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Chain of Infection MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Method of transfer by which the organism moves or is carriedfrom one place to another
The hands of the health care worker may carry bacteria from
one person to another. PORTAL OF ENTRY
An opening allowing the microorganism to enter the host.
Portals include body orifices, mucus membranes, or breaks in
the skin Portals also result from tubes placed in body cavities, such as
urinary catheters, or from punctures produced by invasiveprocedures such as intravenous fluid replacement.
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Chain of Infection SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
A person who cannot resist a microorganism
invading the body, multiplying, and resulting ininfection
The host is susceptible to the disease, lackingimmunity or physical resistance to overcome the
invasion by the pathogenic microorganism.
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Mode of Transmission Direct immediate and direct transfer of
microorganisms from person to person Touching, biting, kissing, sexual intercourse
Droplet (within 3 feet)
Indirect vehicle-borne or vector-borne Vehicle-borne substance that serves as an intermediate
means to transport and introduce an infectious agentinto a susceptible host through a suitable portal of entry
Vector-borne animal or insect that serves as an
intermediate means of transporting the infectious agentAirborne occurs when droplet nuclei emitted by an
infected host are transmitted by air currents to asuitable portal of entry
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Breaking the Chain of Infection
Etiologic agent Correctly cleaning, disinfecting or sterilizing articles before
use
Educating clients and support persons about appropriatemethods to clean, disinfect, and sterilize article
Reservoir (source) Changing dressings and bandages when soiled or wet
Appropriate skin and oral hygiene
Disposing of damp, soiled linens appropriately
Disposing of feces and urine in appropriate receptacles Ensuring that all fluid containers are covered or capped
Emptying suction and drainage bottles at end of each shift orbefore full or according to agency policy
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Breaking the Chain of Infection
Portal of exit Avoiding talking, coughing, or sneezing over open
wounds or sterile fields
Covering the mouth and nose when coughing orsneezing
Method of transmission Proper hand hygiene Instructing clients and support persons to perform hand
hygiene before handling food, eating, after eliminating
and after touching infectious material Wearing gloves when handling secretions and excretions Wearing gowns if there is danger of soiling clothing with
body substances
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Breaking the Chain of Infection
Portal of entry Using sterile technique for invasive procedures, when
exposing open wounds or handling dressings
Placing used disposable needles and syringes in
puncture-resistant containers for disposal Providing all clients with own personal care items
Susceptible host Maintaining the integrity of the clients skin and
mucous membranes Ensuring that the client receives a balanced diet
Educating the public about the importance ofimmunizations
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Stages of Infectious Process Incubation period time between the entry of the
microorganism into the body to the onset of
symptoms Prodromal period time from the onset of
nonspecific symptoms to onset of specificsymptoms
Illness period Convalescence time the symptoms start to abate
until the person returns to normal state of health
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Signs of Inflammation1. Redness (rubor)
2. Heat (calor or color)
3. Swelling (tumor)
4. Pain (Dolor)
5. Impaired function of the part (functiolaesa)
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Signs of Systemic Infection Fever
Increased pulse and respiratory rate if the fever
high Malaise and loss of energy
Anorexia and, in some situations, nausea andvomiting
Enlargement and tenderness of lymph nodes that
drain the area of infection
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Signs of InfectionLaboratory data
Elevated WBC count
Increase in specific WBC types
Elevated ESR
Cultures of urine, blood, sputum, or otherdrainage
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1. Active Antibodies are produced by
the body in response to anantigen
Long
a. Natural Antibodies are formed in the
presence of active infectionin the body
Lifelong
b. Artificial Antigens (vaccines ortoxoids) are administered tostimulate antibodyproduction
Many years; the immunitymust be reinforced bybooster
2. Passive Antibodies are produced byanother source, animal orhuman
a. Natural Antibodies are transferred
naturally from an immunemother to her baby throughthe placenta or in colostrum
6 months to 1 yr
b. Artificial Immune serum (antibody)from an animal or anotherhuman is injected
2 to 3 weeks
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FACTORS INCREASING SUSCEPTIBILITY TO
INFECTIONAge
Heredity
Nature, number and duration of physical andemotional stressor
Resistance to infection
Some medical therapiesAny disease that lessens the bodys defense against
infection
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NANDA Diagnosis Risk for Infection
State in which an individual is at increased risk
for being invaded by pathogenicmicroorganisms
Risks factors
Inadequate primary defenses
Inadequate secondary defenses
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ASEPSIS
Freedom from infection or infectious materials 2 types:
MEDICAL ASEPSIS all practices intended to confine aspecific microorganisms to a specific area limiting the
number, growth and transmission of microorganism CLEAN denotes the absence of microorganisms
DIRTY (SOILED/CONTAMINATED) denote the likelypresence of microorganisms, some of which may be capable ofcausing infection
SURGICAL ASEPSIS (sterile technique) practices thatkeep an object or area free of all microorganisms;includes practices that destroy all microorganisms andspores
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Sterilization
Sterilization Is a process that destroys allmicroorganisms, including spores and viruses. Fourcommonly methods of sterilization: Moist Heat For sterilizing, moist heat (steam) can be
employed in two ways
Gas Ethylene oxide gas destroys microorganisminterfering with their metabolic processes. It is alsoeffective against spores.
Boling water Most practical and inexpensive method
of sterilizing in the home Radiation Both ionizing ( such as alpha, beta, and x-
rays) and non-ionizing (ultraviolet light) radiations areused for disinfection and sterilization.
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IsolationDisease-specific isolation precaution
Use of private rooms with special ventilation
Cohorting clients infected with the sameorganism
Gowning to prevent gross soilage of clothes
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Universal Precautions (UP) Used with all clients
Decrease the risk of transmitting unidentified
pathogens Obstruct the spread of bloodborne pathogens
(hepatitis B and C viruses and HIV)
Used in conjunction with disease-specific or
category-specific precautions
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Body Substance Isolation (BSI) Employs generic infection control precautions for all
clients
Body substances include: Blood Urine
Feces
Wound drainage
Oral secretions Any other body product or tissue
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Standard Precautions Used in the care of all hospitalized persons
regardless of their diagnosis or possible infectionstatus
Apply to
Blood
All body fluids, secretions, and excretions except sweat
(whether or not blood is present or visible) Nonintact skin and mucous membranes
Combine the major features of UP and BSI
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Transmission-based Precautions Used in addition to standard precautions
For known or suspected infections that are spread inone of three ways:
Airborne
Droplet
Contact
May be used alone or in combination but always inaddition to standard precautions
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Personal Protective Equipment Gloves worn to protect the hands when the nurse is
likely to handle body substances
Gown worn when the nurses uniform is likely tobecome soiled
Face masks worn to reduce the risk of transmissionof organisms by droplet contact, airborne routes,
splatters of body substances Eye wear protection from body substances that may
splatter
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HANDWASHING Most effective infection control measures
Done before eating, after using toilet/bedpan/urinal,after coming in contact with any body substances,before and after giving care
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Hand washing Procedure Determine the location of the running water and soap
or soap substitutes
Assemble all the equipments needed Soap Running water
Disposable or sanitized towels
Assess the hands Nails should be kept short Remove all jewelry
Check for breaks in the skin
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Hand washing Procedure Rinse the hands
Thoroughly dry the hands and arms
Discard disposable towels in the appropriatecontainer
Turn off the water
In the hand operated control faucet, use thepaper towel to turn off the faucet
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Sterile Technique Sterile free of all microorganism
Sterile field microorganism-free area
Ensure that sterile items remain sterile Sterile gloves