Download - Ricin
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Ricin
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
ToxinToxin
• Castor plant - Ricinus communis−From processing waste
Castor beans for oil
−Very stable− In several forms
Powder, mist, pellet, dissolved in water or weak acid
− Irreversibly blocks protein synthesis−Potential medical uses
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History
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
HistoryHistory
• World War I−Considered for use as weapon by US
• 1978: London−Assassination of Bulgarian exile,
Georgi Markov
• 1991: Minnesota−Patriot’s Council plot to kill US Marshal
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
HistoryHistory
• Iran-Iraq war−Reports of ricin use−Found in Al Qaeda caves in Afghanistan
• 2003−Ricin found in London apartment
• 2004−Toxin found in Senator’s office −Found in letter; source unknown
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Transmission
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
TransmissionTransmission
• Three routes− Inhalation− Ingestion− Injection
• Person-to-person transmission does not occur
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Human Disease
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Signs and SymptomsSigns and Symptoms
• Inhalation− Incubation less than 8 hours
• Ingestion− Incubation few hours to few days
• Injection− Incubation immediate to hours
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Clinical SymptomsClinical Symptoms
• Inhalation−Cough, weakness, fever, nausea, muscle
aches, chest pain and cyanosis−Pulmonary edema, 18-24 hours after
inhalation−Severe respiratory distress−Death from hypoxemia, 36-72 hours
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Clinical SymptomsClinical Symptoms
• Ingestion−Least toxic form−Less toxic if castor
beans swallowed whole−Severe GI symptoms, 1-2 hours−Rapid heartbeat− Internal bleeding−Vascular collapse−Death occurs in 3 days or more
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Clinical Symptoms Clinical Symptoms
• Injection−Local pain and necrosis at site of
injection−Systemic signs similar to those of
ingestion
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
DiagnosisDiagnosis
• Based on clinical symptoms • ELISA
−Serum or respiratory secretions
• Immunohistochemistry−Tissues
• Serology for retrospective diagnosis−Ricin is very immunogenic
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
TreatmentTreatment
• No treatment, vaccine or antisera currently available
• Supportive care−Dependent on route of exposure−Ventilator−Gastric lavage or cathartics
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Animals and Ricin
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Animals AffectedAnimals Affected
• Affects all domestic animals• Horses most susceptible
−Lethal dose 0.01% of body weight in seeds
• Chickens, ducks and frogs somewhat insensitive to toxin
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Clinical SignsClinical Signs
• Inhalation−Pulmonary edema−Respiratory distress−Death 36-72 hours
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Clinical SignsClinical Signs
• Ingestion−Most common route
• Initial clinical signs−Frequent and violent vomiting,
diarrhea, depression, weakness and shortness of breath
−Salivation, trembling and incordination
• Some affected animals may recover−With or without treatment
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Diagnosis and TreatmentDiagnosis and Treatment
• Diagnosis and treatment in animals similar to humans
• Experimental vaccines and antitoxins promising but not yet available
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Control and ProtectionControl and Protection
• Research on vaccines and antisera• Decontaminate exposed skin
−Soap and water and/or−0.1% sodium hypochlorite (bleach)
• Protective mask−Effective against aerosol exposure
• Standard precautions−Should be used by healthcare workers
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Ricin as a Biological WeaponRicin as a Biological Weapon
• Extreme ease of production• Widely available• Relatively high toxicity• Currently no treatment
−Supportive care only
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments
Development of this presentation was funded by a grant from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to the Center for Food Security and Public Health at Iowa State University.
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments
Author:
Co-author:
Reviewer:
Jamie Snow, DVM, MPH
Radford Davis, DVM, MPH
Jean Gladon, BS