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Rice and the environmentRice and the environment
Crop and Environmental Sciences DivisionCrop and Environmental Sciences DivisionInternational Rice Research InstituteInternational Rice Research Institute
Los BaLos Bañños, Philippinesos, Philippines
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• RICE: most important staple food in Asia Annually 550-600 million ton => 3 billion people
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Floating Floating ricerice DeepwaterDeepwater
Rainfed lowland Rainfed lowland Drought/Drought/
flash floodsflash floods Irrigated Irrigated
Upland riceUpland rice
Rice ecosystems
Rice is unique in its abilityto grow in a wide range ofhydrologic environments,some of which where other crops can not grow
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Irrigated lowland rice (paddy)
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Lowland rice
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Upland rice
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Floodprone rice
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Rice production in Asia
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Area
(106 ha)
Production (%/106 ton)
Yield
(t ha-1)
Irrigated Lowland
79 75% 3-9
Rainfed lowland
54 19% 2.3
Upland 14 4% 1
Deepwater 11 (overlap)
2%
1.5
Salt-affected
9-12 (overlap) 1
Total 150 550-600
Rice environments and production
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001
0
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
2250
Note: Rice Export Prices were adjusted for inflation (2000=100)
World rice price (US$ tonne-1)Per capita production (kg person-1)
Price
Production
Year
World rice production and price
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Irrigated lowland rice (“paddy”):
• Land soaking • Puddling• Levelling• Bunded fields• Transplanted or direct seeded• “Permanently” flooded
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Soaking and puddling
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Puddling
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Land levelling
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Bund construction
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Seed bed in main field
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Ready for transplanting
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Transplanting
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Just transplanted fields
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Direct (wet) seeding
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Direct (wet) seeding using drum seeder
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Wet-seeded rice
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Lowland rice landscape
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Lowland rice landscape
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Where does all the water come from?
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Where does all the water come from?
Main reservoir
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Spilling
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Water tunnels
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“Natural” main canal
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Lined main canal
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Water control
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Aquaduct
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Water distribution
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Smaller and smaller canals…
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Finally at farmers’ fields
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Plot-to-plot irrigation after water gets deliveredto farmers
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Scooping water
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Smaller scale: pumping from canals, creeks,..
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Pumping from smallreservoirs to store water
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Millions of Asian farmers now use shallow tubewells to pump from groundwater
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Harvest time: Finally dry land
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Environment and ecosystem services
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Irrigated lowland rice
• 75% of the world’s rice production • Highly sustainable in terms of yield• Environmental impacts (traditional systems):
• Ecosystem services: fish, snails, groundwater recharge, flood buffer, biodiversity, temperature buffer, prevent soil erosion and landslides, cultural aspects,..
Methane (3-6% globally)
Ammonia volatilization (acid rain)
Little N2O
Danger chemical outflow in surface water
No/little Nitrate leaching
Pesticides degrade rapidly
Low herbicide use
Raise groundwater table => risk salinization
Efficient to leach salts
Acts as wetland in removing N and P
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Fish in irrigation ponds
Ducks Fish in irrigation canals
Food production: fish and ducks
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Lowland rice landscape: specific biodiversity?
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Mountain terraces• Ground water recharge• Mitigate erosion• Mitigate run-off, floods
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Steve McCurry, 1988.Steve McCurry, 1988.
Deltas: flood buffer with production potential