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The 2013 Resource Governance Index
A measure of transparency and accountability in the oil, gas and mining sector
New York, UNDP, May 16, 2013
http://www.revenuewatch.org/rgi
What’s at stake?
• Oil, gas and mining sector governance as a development challenge
– In resource rich countries, over 1 billion people live on less than $5 a day, and 640 million live on $2 a day or less.
– In 2011, Nigeria’s oil revenues alone were 60 percent higher than international aid to all of sub-Saharan Africa.
– In 1980-2006: Oil-rich states 3 times less likely to democratize than non-oil producers.
• Governance is the challenge, but also the solution.
• The RGI aims to help advance this effort.
2
Why is a measure of resource governance needed?
• Raise awareness about a major development challenge
• Concretize what may be seen as a vague challenge
• Enable empirical research and analysis
• Enable evidenced-based policymaking and advocacy
• Inform dialogue across all stakeholders
• A diagnostic tool to identify global and country reform priorities
3
What is the Resource Governance Index?
• A measure of transparency
and accountability of the
oil, gas and mining sector in
58 countries.
• For each country,
researchers, gathered
primary information in 2012
to answer a standard
questionnaire with 173
questions, vetted by a peer
reviewer.
4
How is the Index built?
Resource Governance Index composite
5
80% of countries do not meet satisfactory governance standards
98
92
88
85
80
77 76 75 74 74 73
70 68
66
63 62 61 58 57
56 56 56 54 53 53
51 50 48
47 47 47 46 46 46 46 43 43 43 43 42 42 41 41
39 38 37
34 34 33 31 31
29 28 26
19
13
5 4
0
20
40
60
80
100
1. N
orw
ay
2. U
nit
ed
Sta
tes
(Gu
lf o
f M
exic
o)
3. U
nit
ed
Kin
gdo
m
4. A
ust
ralia
(W
este
rn A
ust
ralia
)
5. B
razi
l
6. M
exic
o
7. C
anad
a (A
lber
ta)
8. C
hile
9. C
olo
mb
ia
10
. Tri
nid
ad a
nd
To
bag
o
11
. Pe
ru
12
. In
dia
13
. Tim
or-
Lest
e
14
. In
do
nes
ia
15
. Gh
ana
16
. Lib
eri
a
17
. Zam
bia
18
. Ecu
ado
r
19
. Kaz
akh
stan
20
. Ven
ezu
ela
21
. So
uth
Afr
ica
22
. Ru
ssia
23
. Ph
ilip
pin
es
24
. Bo
livia
25
. Mo
rocc
o
26
. Mo
ngo
lia
27
. Tan
zan
ia
28
. Aze
rbai
jan
29
. Ira
q
30
. Bo
tsw
ana
31
. Bah
rain
32
. Gab
on
33
. Gu
ine
a
34
. Mal
aysi
a
35
. Sie
rra
Leo
ne
36
. Ch
ina
37
. Yem
en
38
. Egy
pt
39
. Pap
ua
Ne
w G
uin
ea
40
. Nig
eri
a
41
. An
gola
42
. Ku
wai
t
43
. Vie
tnam
44
. Co
ngo
(D
RC
)
45
. Alg
eria
46
. Mo
zam
biq
ue
47
. Cam
ero
on
48
. Sau
di A
rab
ia
49
. Afg
han
ista
n
50
. So
uth
Su
dan
51
. Zim
bab
we
52
. Cam
bo
dia
53
. Ira
n
54
. Qat
ar
55
. Lib
ya
56
. Eq
uat
ori
al G
uin
ea
57
. Tu
rkm
enis
tan
58
. Mya
nm
ar
Satisfactory (71-100) Partial (51-70) Weak (41-50) Failing (0-40)
6
RGI Results for the 58 countries
Transparency is missing where it is needed most
8
Satisfactory performance is possible in diverse contexts
9
Concrete Illustrations of the governance deficit
• In 20 countries (e.g. Venezuela) substantial resource revenue bypass the treasury.
• 21 countries (e.g. Guinea) do not publish information on primary sources of revenue (royalties, profit shares or taxes)
• In 18 countries (e.g. Alberta, Canada) government officials do not disclose their financial interest in any extractive activity.
• Azerbaijan, Russia and Kazakhstan have poor records in key areas including corruption, civil and political liberties and democratic accountability.
10
Regional performance
11
State-owned companies in 45 countries
0
20
40
60
80
100
Stat
oil
Pem
exP
etro
bra
sO
NG
CR
osn
eft
Eco
pet
rol
PD
VSA
Kaz
Mu
nai
Gaz
Per
tam
ina
CO
DEL
CO
CN
PC
O.C
.P.
Son
ango
lP
etro
min
ZCC
M-I
HSO
CA
RP
etro
trin
KP
CP
etro
ecu
ado
rP
etro
nas
YPFB
Son
atra
chN
NP
CM
inis
try
of
Oil
YOG
CP
MD
CA
RA
MC
OP
etro
viet
nam SN
HQ
atar
Pe
tro
leu
mST
AM
ICO
Deb
swan
aN
ile P
etro
leu
mEG
PC
Gec
amin
esEN
HZM
DC
Erd
enes
MG
LLi
bya
n N
atio
nal
Oil
Co
rpo
rati
on
NIO
CB
AP
CO
GEP
etro
lN
ort
her
n C
oal
En
terp
rise
MO
GE
Turk
men
gas
12
Natural resource funds in 23 countries
0
20
40
60
80
100
13
Recommendations to improve resource transparency and accountability
• Disclose contracts signed with extractive companies.
• Ensure that regulatory agencies publish timely, comprehensive reports on oil, gas and mining operations.
• Extend transparency and accountability standards to SOCs and natural resource funds.
• Concerted effort to control corruption, strengthen the rule of law and guarantee civil and political rights.
• Adopt international reporting standards for governments and companies.
14
RGI products on http://www.revenuewatch.org/rgi
• 58 printable country pages
15
Thank you!
http://www.revenuewatch.org/rgi
http://www.revenuewatch.org/rgi/findings
http://www.revenuewatch.org/rgi/countries