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RF basics & getting started
www.anaren.com/AIR [email protected]
Acknowledgement: Most of the information in this presentation is provided courtesy of Texas Instruments, and is intended for general educational purposes.
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Abstract
• This presentation serves as an overview of the parameters and considerations a designer would use to select a low-power wireless (LPRF) solution.
• It also highlights the devices and tools from the Anaren Integrated Radio (AIR) module product line and how they fit in a typical LPW design.
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• RF definitions• Radio modulation schemes• Radio frequency spectrum• Stack considerations• Network types• Development tools and EVMs
Outline
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RF definitions
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RF power definitions
• dBm – power referred to 1 mW
PdBm=10log(P/1mW)
0dBm = 1mW
20 dBm = 100mW
30 dBm = 1W
Example:-110dBm = 1E-11mW = 0.00001nW
Power = V*V / R:
50 load : -110dBm is 0.7uV
Rule of thumb: 6dB increase => twice the range
3dB increase => roughly doubles the dbm power
= dBm
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dBm to Watt
• About dBm and W
– Voltage Ratio aV = 20 log (P2/P1) [aV] = dB
– Power Ratio aP = 10 log (P2/P1) [aP] = dB
– Voltage Level V‘ = 20 log (V/1µV) [V‘] = dBµV
– Power Level P‘ = 10 log (P/1mW) [P‘] = dBm
• Example: 25mW is the maximum allowed radiated (transmitted) power in the EU SRD band
– P‘ = 10 log (25mW/1mW) = 10 * 1.39794 dBm ~ 14 dBm
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dBm Typical Values
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Radio performance definitions
• Packet Error Rate (PER) The percentage (%) of packets not received successfully (This includes packets lost and packets received with a CRC error).
• Sensitivity Lowest input power with acceptable link quality (typically 1% PER)
• Deviation/Separation Frequency offset between a logic ‘0’ and ‘1’ using FSK modulation scheme
• Blocking/selectivity How well a chip works in an environment with interference on the same channel/Frequency.
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Radio modulation schemes
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Wireless communication systems
Low Frequency Information Signal
(Intelligence)
High Frequency Carrier
Modulator Amplifier
Transmitter
Communication Channel
AmplifierDemodulator
(detector)Output
transducer
Receiver
Amplifier
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Modulation methods
• Starting point: We have a low frequency signal and want to send it at a high frequency
• Modulation: The process of superimposing a low frequency signal onto a high frequency carrier signal
• Three modulation schemes available:1. Amplitude Modulation (AM): The amplitude of the carrier varies in
accordance to the information signal2. Frequency Modulation (FM): The frequency of the carrier varies in
accordance to the information signal3. Phase Modulation (PM): The phase of the carrier varies in
accordance to the information signal
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Digital Modulation – ASK
The modulation of digital signals is known as Shift Keying
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK/OOK):– Pros: Simple, duty cycling (FCC), lower transmit current– Cons: susceptible to noise, wide spectrum noise
• Rise and fall rates of the carrier's amplitude can be adjusted to reduce the spectrum noise at low to medium data rates. This is called Shaped OOK
– Common Use: Many legacy wireless systems
Signal Space Diagram
• Each axis represents a ‘symbol’
• OOK has two basis functions: sinusoid & no sinusoid
• OOK has two symbols: carrier & no carrier
• Distance between symbols predicts BER
10
carr
ier
digi
tal
data
OO
Km
odul
atio
n
OOK
10
ASK10 10 10 10 10
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Digital Modulation - FSK
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK):– Pros: Less susceptible to noise– Cons: Theoretically requires larger
bandwidth/bit than ASK– Popular in modern systems– Gaussian FSK (GFSK) has better spectral
density than 2-FSK modulation, i.e. more bandwidth efficient FSK modulation
FrequencyfcFc-df Fc+df
DIO=low DIO=high
Frequency deviation
Frequency separation= 2 x df
1
0
Signal Space Diagram / Signal Constellation
• Each axis represents a ‘symbol’
• Each basis function is ‘orthogonal’
• Distance between symbols predicts BER
fre
q1ca
rrie
rd
igita
ld
ata
FS
Km
od
fre
q2ca
rrie
r
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Digital modulation - PSKPhase Shift Keying (PSK):
– Pros: • Less susceptible to noise• Bandwidth efficient
– Cons: Require synchronization in frequency and phase complicates receivers and transmitter
10
Signal Space Diagram / Signal Constellation
• Each axis represents a ‘symbol’
• Each basis function is ‘orthogonal’
• Distance between symbols predicts BER
fre
q1ca
rrie
rd
igita
ld
ata
PS
Km
od
fre
q2ca
rrie
r
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Digital modulation - MSKMinimum Shift Keying (MSK):
– Pros: Difference in Frequency is Half the bit rate– Very bandwidth efficient – Reduced Spectrum noise
– Cons: Require synchronization in frequency and phase complicates receivers and transmitter
10
Signal Space Diagram / Signal Constellation
• Each axis represents a ‘symbol’
• Each basis function is ‘orthogonal’
• Distance between symbols predicts BER
fre
q1ca
rrie
rd
igita
ld
ata
MS
Km
od
fre
q2ca
rrie
r
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Digital modulation – QPSK/OQPSK
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying:– Pros: Symbol represents two bits
of data– Cons: Phase in the signal can jump
as much as 180O causing out of band noise
Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying:– Pros: Offsetting the signal limits
the phase jump to no more than 90O
Example: IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-shift_keying
2CA
1
2
2CA
11
10
00
01
Continues, next slide >>>
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Digital modulation – QPSK/OQPSK
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-shift_keying
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Preamble
The Preamble is a pattern of repeated 1s and 0s
4 bytes / 8 bytes
• Which can be used by Receiver to pull Received Signal Strength Information (RSSI)– to trigger a Carrier Sense (CS) Flag
– to qualify Sync Word to protect from false triggers
• An extended preamble can be sent by sending an ‘STX’ strobe with no data in the TX Buffer (or by not triggering the DMA in the RF SoCs)
• For data rates less than 500kb/s, a 4 byte Preamble is recommended, at 500kb/s, 8 bytes is recommended
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Clock and data recovery
• Data is asynchronous, no clock signal is transmitted• Clock is recovered (trained) with the Sync Word
Received Data Train
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
Expected Sync Word
4 clocks 2 clocks 1 clock
Recovered Clock Bit Time
• Sync Word is 2 Bytes Programmable & can be repeated– default 0xD391: 1101001110010001
• An 8 bit Sync Word can be accomplished by Extending the Preamble with the Sync MSB
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Radio Frequency Spectrum
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Electromagnetic spectrum
Source: JSC.MIL
SOUND LIGHTRADIO HARMFUL RADIATION
VHF = VERY HIGH FREQUENCYUHF = ULTRA HIGH FREQUENCYSHF = SUPER HIGH FREQUENCY EHF = EXTRA HIGH FREQUENCY
4G CELLULAR56-100 GHz
2.4 GHzISM band
ISM bands315-915 MHz
UWB
3.1-10.6 GHz
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Regulations ISM/SRD bands
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United States / Canada• 315/433/915 MHz• 2.4 GHzEuropean Union• 433/868MHz• 2.4 GHzJapan• 426MHz• 2.4 GHz (Some restrictions)Other national requirements exist
Regional comparisons
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Frequency spectrum allocation
Unlicensed ISM/SRD bands:• USA/Canada:
– 260 – 470 MHz (FCC Part 15.231; 15.205)– 902 – 928 MHz (FCC Part 15.247; 15.249)– 2400 – 2483.5 MHz (FCC Part 15.247; 15.249)
• Europe:– 433.050 – 434.790 MHz (ETSI EN 300 220)– 863.0 – 870.0 MHz (ETSI EN 300 220)– 2400 – 2483.5 MHz (ETSI EN 300 440 or ETSI EN
300 328)• Japan:
– 315 MHz (Ultra low power applications)– 426-430, 449, 469 MHz (ARIB STD-T67)– 2400 – 2483.5 MHz (ARIB STD-T66)– 2471 – 2497 MHz (ARIB RCR STD-33)
ISM = Industrial, Scientific and MedicalSRD = Short Range Devices
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The 2400–2483.5 MHz band is available for license-free operation in most countries
• 2.4 GHz Pros– Same solution for all markets without SW/HW alterations– Large bandwidth (83.5MHz) available, allows many separate
channels and high datarates– 100% duty cycle is possible– More compact antenna solution than below 1 GHz
• 2.4 GHz Cons– Shorter range than a sub 1 GHz solution (same output power)– Many possible interferers are present in the band
The “Worldwide” 2.4GHz ISM band
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2.4 GHz ISM-band devices
Source: Eliezer & Michael, TI
• Due to the world-wide availability of the 2.4GHz ISM band it is getting more crowded day by day
• Devices such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, cordless phones, microwave ovens, wireless game pads, toys, PC peripherals, wireless audio devices occupy the 2.4 GHz frequency band
Power
Microwave oven
Cordless Frequency 802.11b/g
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WiFi Channel Spectrum (2.4GHz)
Taken from: http://www.moonblinkwifi.com/2point4freq.cfm
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WiFi channels in the 2.4GHz space
There are only three non-overlapping channels available in the 802.11b standard: Channels 1,6 & 11
For WiFi access points that are located near each other it is recommended that they each use one of the above non-overlapping channels to minimize the effects of interference.
Taken from: http://www.moonblinkwifi.com/2point4freq.cfm
2.446
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802.11 Vs 802.15.4
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Bluetooth® versus 802.11
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• The ISM bands under 1 GHz are not world-wide
• Limitations vary a lot from region to region and getting a full overview is not an easy task
– Sub 1GHz Pros• Better range than 2.4 GHz with the same output power
and current consumption (assuming a good antenna – not easy for a limited space)
– Sub 1GHz Cons• Since different bands are used in different markets it is
necessary with custom solutions for each market• More limitations to output power, data rate, bandwidth
etc. than the 2.4 GHz • Duty cycle restrictions in some regions• Interferers are present in most bands
Sub-1GHz ISM bands
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Sub-1GHz ISM bands in USA
• 902-928 MHz is the main frequency band
• The 260-470 MHz range is also available, but with more limitations on output power / duty cycling.
• The 902-928 MHz band is covered by FCC CFR 47, part 15
• Sharing bandwidth is done in the same way as for 2.4GHz:
• Higher output power is allowed if you spread your transmitted power and don’t occupy one channel all the time FCC CFR 47 part 15.247 covers wideband modulation
• Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) with ≥50 channels are allowed up to 1 W, FHSS with 25-49 channels up to 0.25 W
• Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) and other digital modulation formats with bandwidth above 500 kHz are allowed up to 1W
• FCC CFR 47 part 15.249
• ”Single channel systems” can only transmit with ~0.75 mW output power
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Available Wireless Standards
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Short-range wireless comparison
Different Value Drivers for Different Applications
1000m
•Headsets•PC Peripherals•PDA/Phone
• Building Automation• Residential Control • Industrial • Tracking • Sensors• Home Automation / Security• Meter Reading
Data Rate (bps)100k 1M 10M10k1k
Range
100m
10m
1m
ZigBee/802.15.4
•PC Networking•Home Networking•Video Distribution
Wi-Fi/802.11
Proprietary Low Power Radio•Gaming•PC Peripherals•Audio•Meter Reading•Building Mgmt.•Automotive
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Typical decision parameters
Highest Data Rate• WLAN/UWB (Video)• Bluetooth (Audio)• Low Power Proprietary/SimpliciTI/AIRStacks (High Speed UART)• ZigBee/802.15.4
Highest Battery Life• Low Power Proprietary/SimpliciTI/AIRStacks (Alkaline)• ZigBee/802.15.4 (Alkaline/Li-Ion)• Bluetooth (Li-Ion)• WLAN/UWB (Line powered/Li-Ion)
Longest Range (Radio Only, not boosted)• Low Power Proprietary/SimpliciTI/AIRStacks (433MHz)• Bluetooth Class 1• WLAN• Zigbee 802.15.4• Bluetooth Class 2
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Stack Considerations
Physical
MAC
App
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Software stack considerations
SolutionLayer
RF Frequency
Physical Layer
Lower Layer Protocol
Higher Layer Protocol
Application
SimpliciTI
Design Freedom
Design Freedom
SimpliciTI
CC111x, CC251x,CC243x, CC253x,
CC430,MSP430+CC1101,CC2500 or CC2520
2.4 GHzSub 1 GHz
Proprietary
Design Freedom
Design Freedom
Design Freedom
all LPRF devices
2.4 GHzSub 1 GHz
IEEE 802.15.4
Design Freedom
Design Freedom
TI MAC
2.4 GHz
A253xMSP430+CC2520
RF4CE
Design Freedom
Remo TI
TI MAC
2.4 GHz
A253x
ZigBee
Design Freedom
Z-Stack +Simple API
TI MAC
2.4 GHz
CC253xCC254x
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Network types
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Network types
Point to Point (aka: Peer to Peer)
ProprietarySimpliciTI802.15.4
= data path
Star
SimpliciTI802.15.4RemoTI
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Network types: mesh
= end device
= router
= coordinator
Re-Connect
= data path
Mihir: Will need to clean this one up(re: symbol key)
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Low-power wireless networks
Point to Point
Proprietary or IEEE 802.15.4 PHY + MAC
Star Network
Proprietary or IEEE 802.15.4
PHY+ MAC
Multihop – Mesh and cluster tree Networks
ZigBee or based on ZigBee technology
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ZigBee®/IEEE 802.15.4/RF4CE
• Application areas:
• Home, building and industrial automation
• Energy harvesting
• Home control/security
• Medical/patient monitoring
• Logistics and asset tracking
• Sensor networks and active RFID
• Advanced Metering
• Commercial Building Automation
Three Paths to ZigBee from Texas InstrumentsTexas Instruments offers three ZigBee compliant platforms for all its IEEE 802.15.4 radios providing designers with a solution where only the application needs to be added. These compliant platforms will shorten time to market and simplify system design and ZigBee end-product certification. All three solutions are built upon the market leading CC2420/CC2520 radio.
‘’ZigBee enables companies to have a simple, reliable, low-power, global wireless public standard optimized for the unique needs of remote monitoring and control applications.’’
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Mesh network
• Pros– self healing– easily extendable through
multiple hops– end devices can be battery
operated– easy to deploy– can be ZigBee compliant
• Cons– router nodes needs to be
mains powered
• Example– lighting applications– building automation
ZigBee Coordinator
ZigBee Router
ZigBee End Device
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Table routing (simplified) - mesh
• Requesting device – Sends route request
• Routing device(s)– Adds link cost depending on
LQI– Selects request with lowest
link cost– Forwards the route request– Stores the information
• Requested device– Selects lowest link cost– Sends route response
• Routing device(s)– Uses stored information to
route the response back
0
4
6
6
4 7
9
S D
1
2
3
4
0
In this example the selected route will be: S-1-3-D (link cost 7)
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• Low Power: a TI proprietary low-power RF network protocol
• Low Cost: uses <8K FLASH + 1K RAM
• Flexible: simple star with extender and/or point to point communication
• Simple: Utilizes a very basic core API
• Versatile: MSP430+CC110x/2500, CC1110/2510, CC1111/CC2511, CC2430, CC2520
• Low Power: Supports sleeping devices
SimpliciTI is all about…
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SimpliciTI - Basic Network TopologyDevice Configurations:
Access Point- allows Access to the network- stores & forwards messages- serves as a range extender
Range Extender- repeats message traffic- like the AP, device is always on
End Device- always on; doesn’t require store & forward services from the AP
Sleeping End Device- requires Store & Forward Services from the AP
EDAP
ED
SD
RE AP
ED
ED
SDSD RE
Topologies:• Access Point Star• Access Point Star w/ Range Extender• Peer to Peer
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Return to Master Slide
RFProtocol Software
Point-to-point &Star network topology
Mesh network topolgy
IEEE802.15.4 MACZigBeeZ-Stack
SimpliciTI
Proprietary examples
Network choice made on topology
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2.4 GHz/ ISM Band Radio
Preamble Sync Word Radio Payload (Max 255 Bytes)**
Physical
Layer
Proprietary Radio(A2500 / A1101 / A110LR09)
Length
Field*
Address
Field*
RSSI
LQI*
CRC 16
Check
Data Payload
(Max 60 Bytes)
Proprietary Stack
Up to 64 Bytes
MAC
Layer
2-24 Bytes 2or4 Bytes 1 Byte 1 Byte 0-60 Bytes 2 Bytes 2 Bytes
* Optional Settings for the radio – activating these settings drops the useable payload
** Requires monitoring at refill of the 64Byte Tx Buffer
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2.4G / ISM Band Radio
Preamble Sync Word Radio Payload (Max 64 Bytes)
Physical
MRFI
Layer
SimpliciTI
Length
Field
Address
Field Off
RSSI
LQI
CRC 16
Check
Data Payload
(Max 60 Bytes)
Custom Application
Up to 50 Bytes
MAC
Layer
2-24 Bytes 2or4 Bytes 1 Byte 0 – 61 Bytes 2 Bytes 2 Bytes
Destination
Address
Source
Address
Port
Data
Device
Info
TractID
Info
4 Bytes 4 Bytes 1 Byte 1 Byte 1 Byte 0 to 50 Bytes
SimpliciTI
Payload
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2.4GHz/Sub 1GHz Radio
Synchronization
Header
Radio Specific
HeaderRadio Payload (Max 127 Bytes)
Physical
Layer
Frame
Control
Sequence
Number
Address
Info
Frame
Check
Command
Payload
802.15.4 OSI Layers
Frame
Control
Sequence
Number
Address
Info
Frame
Check
Beacon
Payload
Frame
Control
Sequence
Number
Address
Info
Frame
Check
Data
Payload
Frame
Control
Sequence
Number
Frame
Check
MAC
Layer
Data Frame
Command Frame
Beacon Frame
ACK Frame
2 Bytes 1 Byte 0-20 Bytes <= 104B 2 Bytes
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2.4GHz Radio
Synchronization
Header
Radio Specific
HeaderRadio Payload (Max 127 Bytes)
Physical
Layer
Zigbee Stack on 802.15.4
Frame
Control
Sequence
Number
Address
Info
Frame
Check
Payload
<= 104B
MAC
Layer802.15.4 Frame
2 Bytes 1 Byte 0-20 Bytes <= 104B 2 Bytes
Network Layer (NWK)
Application Layer (APS)
Zigbee Device
Object 0
Application
Object 1
Application
Object xxx
Security
Service
Provider
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Some available Low-power RF tools
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Software Stacks
• Z-Stack - ZigBee Protocol Stack from TI– One of the first ZigBee stacks to be certified for the ZigBee 2006 certification– Supports multiple platforms such as CC2480, CC2431 and CC2520+MSP430
platform– ZigBee 2007/PRO available on CC2530 and MSP430 platform
• TIMAC– A standardized wireless protocol for battery-powered and/or mains powered
nodes– Suitable for applications with low data-rate requirements– Support for IEEE 802.15.4-2003/2006
• SimpliciTI Network Protocol – RF Made Easy– A simple low-power RF network protocol aimed at small RF networks – Typical for networks with battery operated devices that require long battery life,
low data rate and low duty cycle
• RemoTI Remote control– Compliant with RF4CE V1.0– Built on mature 802.15.4 MAC and PHY technology– Easy to use SW, development kits and tools
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Development Kits
The typical LPRF development kit contains
2x RF EMs2x SmartRF Boards2x AntennasDiv cablesDiv documentation
Preprogrammed with a packet error rate (PER) test for practical range testingExample: CC1110-CC1111DK
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SmartRF Evaluation Board
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Mini-development kits
Inexpensive, flexible development platform for TI's CC2510Fx RF SoC solution:
CC2510Fx - 26MHz single-cycle 8051 CC2500 RF transceiver- FLASH, RAM, 5 DMA channels, ADC, PWM, UART, SPI, I2S, 4 timers, and 21 GPIO pins
The target board in this kit is very close to a real product and features:- PCB antenna pre-tested for ETSI and FCC compliance - battery holders for 2x AAA or 1x CR2032 coin-cell operation - footprint for 2.54 mm connector to CC2510Fx GPIO pins - 2 buttons & 2 LEDs for simple application development - pre-programmed with Link Test for RF range measurement
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eZ430 – RF2500 kit
MSP430F2274 UART to PC Virtual COM
MSP430F2274 Debug Chain via TUSBFET
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BoosterPacks for TI LaunchPadCC110L CC2530
Works in concert with MSP430 LaunchPad (available through Texas Instruments e-Store)
Works in concert with MSP430 or Stellaris LaunchPad (available through distributors)
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Temperature Monitor Demo
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SmartRF Studio
• SmartRF Studio is a PC application to be used together with TI’s development kits for ALL CCxxxx RF-ICs.
• Converts user input to associated chip register values– RF frequency– Data rate– Output power
• Allows remote control/configuration of the RF device when connected to the PC via a SmartRF Evaluation Board
• Supports quick and simple performance testing– Simple RX/TX– Packet RX/TX – Packet Error Rate (PER)
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SmartRF Studio
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Packet Sniffer
• Captures and parses packets going over the air• Useful debugging tool for any protocol/SW designer• PC Tool available for FREE
• Supported protocols– SimpliciTI– RemoTI (RF4CE)– ZigBee– Generic protocol
• Hardware required for packet sniffing– CC2430DB– SmartRF04EB + CC1110/CC2510/CC2430– SmartRF05EB + CC2520/CC2530
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Packet Sniffer
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Daintree Sensor Network Analyzer
• Professional Packet Sniffer
• Supports commissioning
• Easy-to-use network visualization
• Complete and customizable protocol analyzer
• Large-scale network analysis
• Performance measurement system
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SmartRF Flash Programmer
• Use this tool to program an application on a System-on-ChipCC1110, CC1111, CC2510, CC2511, CC2430, CC2431
• Program IEEE addresses on CC2430/CC2431
• Can also be used to program any MSP430 using either MSP-FET430UIF or eZ430 Emulator Dongle
• Firmware upgrades on the Evaluation Boards
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IAR Embedded Workbench
• IDE for software development and debugging
• Supports– All LPRF SoCs – All MSP430s
• 30 day full-feature evaluation version– Extended evaluation
time when buying a SoC DK or ZDK
• Free code-size limited(4k) version
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Code Composer Essentials
• IDE for software development & debugging
• Supports– All MSP430s
• Free code-size limited (16k) version
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Getting started with AIR / Questions? Email us at [email protected]