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Review for Nutrient Cycles and Climate Change
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Leeward and Windward side of a mountain• Describe how much rain an area gets– Windward- side facing the wind, more moisture– Leeward- drier side, usually results in a rain
shadow desert
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El NinoEl Niño events (also ENSO) occur every 2-7 years, lasting for 1,1 1/2years.East-west trade winds weaken and eastern Pacific waters warm! Tropical rainfall shifts from Indonesia to South America. Floods in Peru; Droughts and fires in Indonesia and Australia. Upwelling at South American coast-line is suppressed. Natural.
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Carbon
• Reservoirs– atmosphere– Ocean– Rocks– Soil – Fossil fuels
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• Assimilation– Photosynthesis
Cyclingpredationweatheringerosion
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• Loss– Respiration– Decomposition– Forest fires– Burning of fossil fuels– Volcanic eruptions• Can contribute to cooling of the atmosphere due to
blocking the suns rays
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Nitrogen
• Reservoirs: – air, – soil, – ocean.
• Assimilation:– nitrogen fixation, – lightning, – industry (50%).
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• Cycling: – internal– erosion and runoff – sea spray– Usually plants first.
• Ruminants have nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their stomachs that prove50% of N.
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• Loss– Denitrification– Marine sedimentation
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Phosphorus
• Reservoir– Phosphates of Ca, K, Mg, Fe– Found in bat guanpCycling
to ocean (soluble form or suspension)ocean feeding birds (guano deposits)
Upwellings (winds push surface water away from land, exposing deeper, nutrient rich water)Uplifting of sedimentary rock
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• Loss– Ocean sedimentationLimiting factors
insoluble, hard to break down,falls into the sedimentary cycledoesn’t have a gaseous statemoves through the environment very slowly
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Sulfur
• Reservoirs– Rock– SoilAvailable reservoirsairbelow groundAssimilationRoot uptakeGaseous uptake
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• Cycling– Litter fall (to ground)– Root leakage
Lossto streamsto atmosphere
Human contributionburning coal and oilsmelting ore
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Temperate shrub landChaparral
• Found– Mediterranean– Southern California– Chile– South AfricaClimate
if wetter than usual fires result
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Climate change
• Mean global temperature increased 0.5◦C• Positive feedback– positive feedback loop or mechanism is when an
action causes a reaction• the reaction causes more of the action• which in turn causes more reaction, and so forth.
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• One of the positive feedback mechanisms already affecting global warming is due to the fact that when the atmosphere is warm– it holds more water vapor, which is considered to be a
greenhouse gas. – As more water vapor is held in the atmosphere, the
temperature increases due to its influence– the increase in temperature allows even more water vapor
to be held in the atmosphere.
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• Example– Melting of artic ice• Adds water vapor
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Greenhouse Gases
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Carbon Dioxide
• Constitutes 76% of the greenhouse gases• Source– Respiration– Burning fossil fuels– Deforest planet
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Methane
• Constitutes 13% of the greenhouse gases• Sources– Byproduct of anaerobic respiration of bacteria• Animal belches• Animal waste