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ResearchWhy is research important?
TypesFacts & Statistics
Charts or graphsExamples
Anecdotal evidenceNarratives
Ex: Amber’s Story = Amber Alert
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ResearchSources
Secondary Books, Newspapers, Encyclopedias
Primary Interviews Case Studies, Journals
AvoidMost .com internet sources (i.e. “W ikiality”)
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Tips for Using Research Few facts – emphasize analysis
Cite statistics infrequentlyRound large numbers
137,490 => ~150,000 18% => ~20% OR “1 in 5 Americans” OR “1 in 5
people in this room” make evidence relevant to audience
Generally: paraphrase
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Citing ResearchIn outlines
II. Body A. Causes of World War II
1. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2008 a) Economic depression b) German nationalism
2. History Channel.com, 2008 a) …
B. Consequences of World War II 1. Dr. Mark Gring [Texas Tech University], 2004
a) …
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Communication Applications
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Organizational PatternsInformative PersuasiveTopicalChronologicalSpatial
Cause-EffectProblem-SolutionMonroe’s Motivated
SequenceRefutationNarrativeComparative Advantage
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TopicalAbout 30% of you will use this format“Categorical Pattern”Used when main points are sub-points of
speech topicExample:
Topic: Living in TylerMain Point 1: Job opportunitiesMain Point 2: Housing and EducationMain Point 3: Entertainment & Night Life
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ChronologicalAbout 40% of you will use this format“Temporal Pattern”Arrangement based on timeline
Newest to oldest; oldest to newestExample:
Topic: Cold WarMain Point 1: World War IIMain Point 2: Korea & VietnamMain Point 3: Fall of Communism
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SpatialAbout 20% of you will use this patternBased upon physical proximity
Closest to furthest, E to W/N to S, etc.Example:
Topic: Home Landscape DesignMain Point 1: Near house – shrubberyMain Point 2: Lawn – care / maintenanceMain Point 3: Near curb – flowers, accent items
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ExamplesDogs
Getting a dog Breeders vs. Shelters vs. Pounds
First year “Potty” training Obedience training
Care / development Proper diet Exercise Developmental stages
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ExamplesDialects
Northeast Fast rate of delivery Less willing to talk Specific language
Midwest Moderate rate Moderate desire Specific language
South (Texas) Slower rate Very willing to talk Specific language
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Communication Applications