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REPRODUCTIONREPRODUCTION

10 CMH10 CMH

HUMAN AND SOCIALHUMAN AND SOCIAL

BIOLOGY BIOLOGY Created by : Reynaldo ThomasCreated by : Reynaldo Thomas


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What is Repro!"tio#$What is R

epro!"tio#$

The process by which neworganisms are generated.

There are two means of reproducing:asexual and sexual reproduction.


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Ase%!a& Repro!"tio#Ase%!a& Re

pro!"tio#

Does not involve the fusion of sex cells.

Parts of the parents form the ospring.

nly one parent is needed.

A'a#ta(esReproduce in large amount very

!uic"ly.

#o need to search for a mate.


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Disa'a#ta(es

$ll the ospring are clones.

$ poor !uality parent will produce poor!uality ospring.

There is a lac" of variation.


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Se%!a& Repro!"tio#

Re!uires a male and a female.

%ale sex cell is called sperm andfemale the egg&ovum'.

The two sex cells must (oint during

fertili)ation.

*usion of the gametes forms a single

cell called )ygote.


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Mo'e)e#t o* Sper)During e(aculation+ the sperm cells leave the

epididymis and ,ow through the vas deferenstowards the penis.

The epididymis passes through the prostate

gland and seminal vesicles.

These structures bathe the sperm

sells with seminal ,uids.

This mixer is called semen.


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Str!"t!re o* the Sper)

The head is where the nucleus is.

Tip of head contains a small sac calledthe acrosome.

$crosome contains hydrolytic

en)ymes. This is responsible for burrowing

through egg during fertili)ation.

The nec" area contains lots ofmitochondria.


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%itochondria generate energy.

The tail allows sperm cell to swim through vagina and uterus.


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+e)a&e Repro!"ti'e S,ste)+e)a&e Repro!"ti'e S,ste)

•%a"e the female gametes &egg cells'%a"e the female gametes &egg cells'

•Receive the sperm cells from male forReceive the sperm cells from male for

fertili)ation.fertili)ation.

•%aintain an environment suitable the%aintain an environment suitable theimplantation of an embryo.implantation of an embryo.

•Provide everything needed for the develop-Provide everything needed for the develop-

ment of foetus.ment of foetus.

•Deliver baby to the outside world.Deliver baby to the outside world.


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+e)a&e Repro!"ti'e S,ste)+e)a&e Repro!"ti'e S,ste) the parts o* the *e)a&e repro!"ti'ethe parts o* the *e)a&e repro!"ti'e

s,ste) are &o"ate i# the pe&'i" re(io#-s,ste) are &o"ate i# the pe&'i" re(io#-

.a(i#a.a(i#a

the e#tra#"e to the i##er partsthe e#tra#"e to the i##er parts

It is a )!s"!&ar "ha##e&It is a )!s"!&ar "ha##e&

Re"ei'es pe#is at "op!&atio#Re"ei'es pe#is at "op!&atio#

Passa(e *or /a/, at /irthPassa(e *or /a/, at /irth


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The o'ar,The o'ar,here egg cells are produce.here egg cells are produce.

/ite for oestrogen production./ite for oestrogen production.

$bout ten thousands ova are present at birth.$bout ten thousands ova are present at birth.

nly about 011 will develop fully &nly about 011 will develop fully &1 per1 per

month/14 to 45)month/14 to 45)..

va develop inside follicles.va develop inside follicles.

%ature follicle is called graa2an%ature follicle is called graa2an

follicle.follicle.hen ripe it moves to ovary3shen ripe it moves to ovary3s

surface.surface.


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4gg live for 5-0 days after ovulation

6t move along the oviduct by the

beating of cilia.


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+erti&iatio#s+erti&iatio#s

the fusion of a sperm with an ovum.the fusion of a sperm with an ovum.

This occurs in the oviduct. This occurs in the oviduct.$bout 5-7 cm$bout 5-7 cm55 of semen expelled fromof semen expelled from

penispenis

Contains between 891 and 711 millionContains between 891 and 711 million

spermato)oa.spermato)oa.


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/permato)oa swim up the oviduct.

/perm enter head 2rst+ losing its tail as itdoes so.

The acrosome produce en)ymes which helppenetrate the ovum.

nly one sperm can enter

the ovum. The resulting )ygote has

contents of both male and

female nuclei +which is fuse.


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6mplantation The corpus luteum continues to produce

progesterone.Progesterone prepares the uterus wall for the

)ygote.

terus wall thic"ens.

;ygote now divides into a ball of cells andstic" into the wall of the uterus.


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Pre(#a#", The thic" wall of uterus is called the placenta

6t has rich blood supply stimulated byoestrogen and progesterone.


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The placenta is formed mainly from the The placenta is formed mainly from the

embryo and partly from the mother3sembryo and partly from the mother3s

tissue.tissue.

There is no (oining of the maternal and There is no (oining of the maternal and

fetal red blood cells.fetal red blood cells.

$ thin layer of cells$ thin layer of cells

acts as a barrier+acts as a barrier+separating maternalseparating maternal

and fetal red bloodand fetal red blood

cells.cells.


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#icotine+ alcohol and other drugs and#icotine+ alcohol and other drugs and

pathogens do pass across the placentapathogens do pass across the placentato cause harm.to cause harm.

#utrients and oxygen diuse from#utrients and oxygen diuse frommaternal blood capillaries to embryo.maternal blood capillaries to embryo.

Carbon dioxide and other wasteCarbon dioxide and other wastematerials diuse from the embryo tomaterials diuse from the embryo to

mother.mother.


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U)/i&i"a& "orU)/i&i"a& "or

Carries nutrients in veins to fetus andCarries nutrients in veins to fetus and

waste in artery from fetus.waste in artery from fetus.

The cord runs from the embryo3s The cord runs from the embryo3s

abdomen to the placenta.abdomen to the placenta.$mnion$mnion

$ sac of water.$ sac of water.

%embrane enclosing ,uid+ protecting%embrane enclosing ,uid+ protectingfetus from shoc" and allowing movement.fetus from shoc" and allowing movement.

The water distributes pressure evenly The water distributes pressure evenly

around fetus.around fetus.


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N-BN-B

$ fetus moves its limbs from the age of

about 8< wee"s onwards.

$fter two months+ the human form of the

fetus is recogni)able.

$t three months the sex can be seen.

=irth follows about nine months afterfertili)ation &5>-01' w"s.


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The birth Process

Sta(e o#eSta(e o#e

The uterus muscles start to contract to start The uterus muscles start to contract to startthe labour process.the labour process.

=aby stimulates the release of=aby stimulates the release of

the hormone oxytocin.the hormone oxytocin.Rhythmic contractions of theRhythmic contractions of the

uterus cause amnion to brea".uterus cause amnion to brea".

The ,uid will now pass out. The ,uid will now pass out.


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Sta(e to

6ncreasing contractions of the uterine

muscle push the baby through thecervix and then the vagina.


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Sta(e 2*inally the baby is expelled head 2rst

The mother bending forward

?olding her breath+ aids this+ to push the

diaphragm on top of the uterus.


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A*ter Birth

The umbilical cord is cut and tied so

that the remains from the navel on theabdomen.

The placenta and membranes are shedfrom the mother and are called theafterbirth.

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