Download - Report of Mid Term Survey of a WASH Project
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Ensuring Sustainable Safe Drinking Water, Sanitation and
Hygiene Needs of Community Flock as well as School Students
of all the villages of Jashohari Anukha-I and II, Purandarpur
and Andulia Gram Panchayats under Kandi Block of
Murshidabad District through Community Based Development
(CBD) and Participatory Approach.
Mid-term Survey from the SHG Perspective
Kandi Jibdharpara Mohila Unnyan Samity
SPADE
Water for People - India
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Mid-term Survey from the SHG Perspective
Study Design, Data Analysis & Reporting
Anubrata Datta, Coordinator, Resource Center
Data Collection :
Suraj Datta, Papan Halder, Tarak Mandal, Sujay Das, Sagarika Mandal, Parvina Khatun,Gouri Paul, Purnima Das, Tuhina Das, Jyostna Das, Lily Ghosh, Agamani Ray, Utpala Das,
Asish Ghosh, Nurzila Khatun, Baisakhi Ghosh
December, 2010
SPADE52, Garfa Main Road, Kolkata-700075
Phone : 033 24186171, 24186431
Tele fax : 033 24185452
Email : [email protected]
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected] -
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SPADE, in collaboration with Kandi Jibdharpara Mohila Unnyan Samity, has been
implementing the Water For People sponsored project entitled Ensuring Sustainable
Safe Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Needs of Community Flock as well as
School Students of all the villages of Jashohari Anukha-I and II, Purandarpur and
Andulia Gram Panchayats under Kandi Block of Murshidabad District through
Community Based Development (CBD) and Participatory Approach since May, 2010.
The First Phase shall continue up to the end of December, 2010. During the First Phase,
in a nut cell, the achievements were as under :
Activities Targeted Achieved RemarkAwareness Promotiontargeting the General Public ofthe project area in 40 Sansads
40 35 Total participation 857
Meeting for Networking withother NGOs, CBOs & SHGs toget themselves involved
16 15 255
Sample Survey in Selectedvillages after Exposure Visit
We have completed thesurvey regarding the models
of the toilet around the fourGram Panchayats of KandiBlock.
Most of the families decided toset up the Double Pits Toiletbut at present they set upsingle pit. After some daysthey shall set up the other pit.
Workshop for Development of
Rules & Regulations
The Workshop comprising themembers of Kandi JibdharparaMahila Unnayan Samity hadbeen conducted and procedures
regarding Disbursement of Loansfor construction of Toilets at thebeneficiary level, MIS for loanrecovery & Preparation of LoanRecovery Card
Awareness Program at GramPanchayat & Block levels
4 4
GP Members demonstratedinterest since this is also a part ofthe Nirmal Gram Scheme. BlockOfficials mentioned thedeficiencies at the Sanitary Martlevel. Also, Block Officialsseemed to be too busy inElection Related activities
Design and development ofIEC in local language
Leaflet on Apni Ki Nijer Maan Sanman Drama Manusher Jonney Drama Jaal Catalogue of Different Variety of Toilets Slogan Collection of Zingles/Slogans
Linking up Water & Sanitationissues at the GP level, PHEDepartment, Schools, etc.
Discussions held at the different levels. In short the resultsare : Schools are more interested in involving Project Staff in
discussing personal Hygiene issues with the students ofHigher classes
Students are promising to discuss the necessities of Toiletreturning home
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GP members are showing interest in supplying Soap andother Cleaning Materials at the Kitchen wherein Mid Daymeals are being cooked
Organizing Street Drama onSave Water, Sanitation &Hygiene Issues
Script is ready School students are found to be too much shy and introvert
to participate in a drama Team has been formed comprising the Federation
Members
Organizing Mass AwarenessCamps on Save Water,Sanitation & Hygiene issues
Gradually, Water, Sanitation & Hygiene is becoming aprominent issue Many of the participants are asking questions relating to
water and hygiene since the community is lacking areliable source of authentic information
Some of the community members are raising the issue thatthe loan for constructing Toilets is available to theFederation members only.
Graffiti & Wall Writing Covered about 30 locations
Capacity Building
Organized an Exposure Visit at Sabuj Sangha comprisinga team of 15 members
Mason Training has been organized involving faculty fromSabuj Sangha
Sensitization of Federations, Local Clubs, Local NGOs,Clusters, SHGs, Schools on the benefits of having safedrinking water and adopting Safe Sanitation Practices
Orientation & Sensitization program for the community andSchool students
Hardware Activities
Demo Toilet developed 2 Finished Toilet constructed 20 Loan disbursed to 36 Members Loan Application received - 80
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Background of the Present Study
Before initiating the subsequent phases, it is crucial to look back and see what has
happened and decide how the project related activities could be planned and implemented
so as to assure optimal utilization of scarce resources of both the sponsor as well as of
the implementing agencies.
The objectives behind conducting the present study was two fold :
1. To understand the Water and Sanitation situation from the SHGs perspective
2. To ascertain the strategies for the next phase
The present study was basically a Questionnaire Survey that had been conductedexclusively among the SHG members. The Survey Team was constituted comprising
the staff of WfP Project and KJMUS. The Team used Schedules for data collection.
Structured Questionnaires have not been used because in many cases, the target
respondents are not in a position to fill up the formats themselves because of their feeble
level of literacy. Also, Structured Questionnaires escalate costs.
The surveys were mostly conducted during the meetings of the SHGs. Since all themembers could not attend all the meetings, few absentees might have been left out from
few groups. However, by and large, the results reflect the status of about 60% of the
target population.
For Data Entry and Analysis, MS Excel has been used. The analysts deliberately avoided
tedious calculations since that would make simple things difficult. Wherever possible
Graphs and Charts have been used so that the reader could understand the broad
dimensions without much difficulty.
Abbreviations used :
1. KJMUS : Kandi Jibdharpara Mohila Unnyan Samity
2. SHG : Self Help Group
3. WfP : Water For People India
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Sample Description
The Study covered 1602 households comprising 3171 male and 3083 female. Average
size of the households was found to be 3.9 members.
Gender-wise Distribution of the Members of
Households
51%
49%
Male Female
Out of the households covered under the present study, only 36% have toilets at their
houses and the remaining 64% have no toilet facilities at their houses.
Existence of Toilet in the House
64%
36%
Have no Toilet Have Toilet
Again, out of the Households covered, only 6% have their own source of water and the
remaining 94% depends on Government Installed Tube wells
Source of Water for the Household
94%
6%
Govt Tubwell Own Tubwell
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The present study has altogether covered 172 SHGs distributed among 4 Gram
Panchayats and some portion of the Kandi Municipal Area.
Amongst the five areas covered, the largest number of households was from Jashohari
Anukha II, followed by Kandi Municipal Area, Andulia and Purandarpur
Gram Panchayat-wise Distribution of SHGs
Covered
0 20 40 60
Andulia
Jashohari
Anukha - I
Jashohari
Anukha - II
Municipality
Area
Purandarpur
Area-wise distribution of Households Covered
Jashohari Anukha - I Purandarpur
Andulia Municipality Area
Jashohari Anukha - II
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Observations
From the above diagram it is evident that maximum number of households contains 2
female members and fewer households contain 4 or more female. Here, our strategy, at
the initial stage, might be to concentrate more on households containing more female
members. Since we are using the SHGs as disseminating media, we can highlight the
inconveniences of the female for open space defecation and develop IECs and Advocacy
Tools to convince the SHG members to sharpen their focus on households containing
more female members.
Status of Toilet Status of Water Source No of Households
Have Toilet Have own Tube well 50
Don't have Toilet Have own Tube well 43
Have Toilet Don't have own Tube well 533
Don't have Toilet Don't have own Tube well 976
Total 1602
From the above table, it is evident that 50 households have both toilet and water
sources. Another 533 households have toilets but do not have water sources. There are 43households who have water sources of their own but do not have toilet at their home.These 43 households might be targeted initially since they are supposed to be able to pay
for the expenses.
The table below shows a comparison among the different GPs and Municipal areas in
terms of percentage of households having no toilets. It is clearly evident that in Jashohari
Anukha I, 88.33% of the samples have no toilets whereas the same is 49.44 at Kandi
Municipal Area. From this, it can be concluded that we have to prioritize our activities in
the order of Jashohari Anukha I, Andulia, Purandarpur, Jashohari Anukha II, and
0100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1 2 3 4 5 >5
No of Female in the Household-wise Distribution
of the Sample
No of Households No Toilet
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Kandi Municipality Area. Alternatively, we can also think of initially focusing on those
areas where total sanitation might be easier, that is, where most others have toilets.
Gram Panchayat-wise distribution of the
respondents Having No Toilet
Andulia Jashohari Anukha - I
Jashohari Anukha - II Municipality Area
Purandarpur
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Gram Panchayat or Municipality-wise and SHG-wise Status of Toilet-
intensity
Name of the Gram Panchayat : Andulia
SHG Name No of Households No Toilet No Tube well % of No Toilet
Bithika 13 13 13 100.00
Maa Majina 12 12 12 100.00
Surjamukhi 11 11 11 100.00Alo 10 10 10 100.00
Milon 10 10 10 100.00
Kuheli 9 9 9 100.00
Mousumi 9 9 9 100.00
Serjina 9 9 9 100.00
Rima 9 9 9 100.00
Hasina 9 9 9 100.00
Tajmahal 9 9 9 100.00
Satabdi 8 8 8 100.00
Maa Palaxci 7 7 7 100.00
Ganga 7 7 7 100.00
Sumita 7 7 7 100.00
Datababa 10 9 10 90.00
Sagorika 9 8 9 88.89
Nagma 8 7 7 87.50
Parvin 10 8 0 80.00
Minar 12 9 12 75.00
keya 8 6 8 75.00
Nashima 11 8 11 72.73
Namita 10 7 10 70.00
Soma 14 9 14 64.29
Sakila 8 5 8 62.50
Murshida 8 5 4 62.50
Roma 10 6 10 60.00
Tajmira 10 6 10 60.00
Apanjan 7 4 7 57.14
Sujata 7 3 7 42.86
Fatema 8 3 4 37.50
Tanushree 12 3 12 25.00
Mithu 9 2 9 22.22
Sajahan 10 2 10 20.00
Sukanna 12 2 12 16.67
Sabina 7 1 7 14.29
Reshmi 9 1 9 11.11
Total 348 253 329 72.70
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Name of the Gram Panchayat : Jashohari Anukha I
SHG Name No of Households No Toilet No Tube well % of No Toilet
Atoshi 10 10 10 100.00
Diya 10 10 10 100.00
Easha 10 10 10 100.00
Soniya 10 10 10 100.00
Bela 9 9 9 100.00
Pratiskha 8 8 8 100.00Pujita 8 8 8 100.00
poli 8 8 8 100.00
Puja 7 7 7 100.00
Yeandrila 10 9 10 90.00
Shila 10 7 10 70.00
Balaka 9 5 9 55.56
Sanjukta 11 5 11 45.45
Total 120 106 120 88.33
Name of the Gram Panchayat : Jashohari Anukha II
SHG Name No of Households No Toilet No Tube well % of No Toilet
Sonali 12 12 12 100.00
Mahuya 11 11 11 100.00
Menoka 11 11 11 100.00
Lipika 10 10 10 100.00
Karabi 10 10 10 100.00
Soumi 9 9 9 100.00
Munmun 9 9 9 100.00
Joyee 9 9 9 100.00
Moumita 8 8 8 100.00
Tinta 6 6 6 100.00
Koyal 5 5 5 100.00
Uttran 11 10 11 90.91
Pratibha 11 10 11 90.91
Rupali 10 9 10 90.00
Rumpa 10 9 10 90.00
Bijoya 9 8 8 88.89
Banaful 7 6 7 85.71
Papri 6 5 6 83.33
Sanchari 11 9 11 81.82
Rahoni 11 9 9 81.82
Kumkum 10 8 8 80.00Anjali 9 7 9 77.78
Pinki 4 3 4 75.00
Bristi 11 8 11 72.73
Saheli 11 8 11 72.73
Srity 10 7 10 70.00
Chitralakha 10 7 8 70.00
Kusum 9 6 9 66.67
Sayani 10 6 10 60.00
Kakuli 10 6 9 60.00
Parama 7 4 7 57.14
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Nandini 9 5 9 55.56
Sampa 9 5 9 55.56
Mamata 10 5 10 50.00
Rajeswari 10 5 10 50.00
Bhiva 8 4 6 50.00
Sarala 6 3 6 50.00
Sananda Paul 9 4 9 44.44
Anima 9 4 9 44.44Chayan 10 4 10 40.00
Priti 10 4 7 40.00
Kamalika 8 3 8 37.50
Shika 8 3 7 37.50
Meagh 9 3 7 33.33
Mangaldeep 11 3 11 27.27
Athiti 8 2 8 25.00
Shefali 4 1 4 25.00
Mohini 12 1 9 8.33
Rupa 9 0 9 0.00
Pratick 10 0 10 0.00Sadguru 13 0 0 0.00
kalayanmoyee 7 0 7 0.00
Subham 10 0 10 0.00
Total 486 304 454 62.55
Name of the Area : Kandi Municipality
SHG Name No of Households No Toilet No Tube well % of No Toilet
Prabhati 9 9 9 100.00
Haragouri 9 9 9 100.00
Mou 9 9 9 100.00
Manoshi 7 7 7 100.00Joty 13 12 0 92.31
Rakhi 12 11 12 91.67
Jharna 12 11 9 91.67
Bani 11 10 11 90.91
Pritilata 9 8 9 88.89
Shubadip 11 9 6 81.82
Padma 11 9 11 81.82
Agomoni 10 8 10 80.00
Tithi 10 8 10 80.00
Isani 10 8 7 80.00
Imli 9 7 9 77.78Dolon 9 7 9 77.78
Jutjika 10 7 10 70.00
Sandha 9 6 9 66.67
Pallabi 9 6 9 66.67
Dali 6 4 6 66.67
Maa Laxmi 8 5 8 62.50
Chameli 10 6 10 60.00
Nabanita 9 5 9 55.56
Rudradeb 12 6 12 50.00
Maina 6 3 6 50.00
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Chaya 9 4 9 44.44
nabanita 9 4 9 44.44
Kalayanmoyee 7 3 7 42.86
Sunita 10 4 10 40.00
Aparupa 10 4 10 40.00
Joswana 10 3 10 30.00
Aynatika 10 3 1 30.00
Madhubi 10 3 10 30.00Aparna 11 2 11 18.18
Alocka 8 1 8 12.50
Dristi 11 1 11 9.09
Dipaboli 9 0 9 0.00
Maa Durga 8 0 8 0.00
Aparajita 11 0 11 0.00
Nirmala 10 0 10 0.00
Asha 6 0 4 0.00
Gargi 10 0 9 0.00
Maitri 10 0 5 0.00
Nirmala 10 0 10 0.00Pradip 10 0 10 0.00
Arpita 11 0 11 0.00
Laboni 9 0 9 0.00
Total 449 222 408 49.44
Name of the Gram Panchayat : Purandarpur
SHG Name No of Households No Toilet No Tube well % of No Toilet
Pranati 12 12 12 100.00
Monika 10 10 10 100.00
Elora 10 10 10 100.00
Manosha 9 9 9 100.00Mithai 9 9 9 100.00
Methai 9 9 9 100.00
Jharna 8 8 8 100.00
Maa Mari 7 7 7 100.00
Maa Rashakali 7 7 7 100.00
Balaram 6 6 6 100.00
Dayamoyee 11 8 11 72.73
Bani 7 5 7 71.43
Tulika 12 8 12 66.67
Bhakti 10 6 10 60.00
Radhika 12 7 12 58.33Arunima 9 5 9 55.56
Kalimata 9 3 9 33.33
Antorale 9 3 9 33.33
Abha 10 2 10 20.00
Dedanjali 6 0 6 0.00
Joyeta 11 0 10 0.00
Ireani 6 0 6 0.00
Total 199 134 198 67.34
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From the above, it could be concluded that toilet-intensity at households vary widely
among regions as well as among SHGs. There are SHGs where all the members have
their own toilets and again, there are SHGs where none of the members have toilets at
their home. Thus, we can use the SHGs all the members of whom have their own toilets
as Demonstration Groups. We can take those members to other groups for motivating
others to reach at the desired 100% sanitation level. The table below shows the SHGs
having 100% toilet facility at the members home.
GP / Municipality SHG Name No of Households
Jashohari Anukha - II Rupa 9Jashohari Anukha II Pratick 10Jashohari Anukha II Sadguru 13
Jashohari Anukha II kalayanmoyee 7Jashohari Anukha - II Subham 10Kandi Municipality Area Dipaboli 9
Kandi Municipality Area Maa Durga 8
Kandi Municipality Area Aparajita 11
Kandi Municipality Area Nirmala 10
Kandi Municipality Area Asha 6Kandi Municipality Area Gargi 10
Kandi Municipality Area Maitri 10
Kandi Municipality Area Nirmala 10
Kandi Municipality Area Pradip 10
Kandi Municipality Area Arpita 11
Kandi Municipality Area Laboni 9
Purandarpur Dedanjali 6
Purandarpur Joyeta 11
Purandarpur Ireani 6
Total 19 SHGs 176
Distribution of SHGs having 100% Toilet Intensity
58%26%
16%
Municipality Area Jashohari Anukha - II
Purandarpur
The above diagram shows that the Kandi Municipality area is well ahead in toilet
intensity in comparison to the Gram Panchayat areas.
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Gram Panchayat / Municipality area-wise Distribution of SHGs with No groups
having Toilet Facilities
GP / Municipality SHG Name No of Households
Andulia Bithika 13
Andulia Maa Majina 12
Andulia Surjamukhi 11
Andulia Alo 10
Andulia Milon 10Andulia Kuheli 9
Andulia Mousumi 9
Andulia Serjina 9
Andulia Rima 9
Andulia Hasina 9
Andulia Tajmahal 9
Andulia Satabdi 8
Andulia Maa Palaxci 7
Andulia Ganga 7
Andulia Sumita 7
Jashohari Anukha - I Atoshi 10Jashohari Anukha - I Diya 10Jashohari Anukha - I Easha 10Jashohari Anukha - I Soniya 10Jashohari Anukha - I Bela 9Jashohari Anukha - I Pratiskha 8Jashohari Anukha - I Pujita 8Jashohari Anukha - I poli 8Jashohari Anukha - I Puja 7Jashohari Anukha - II Sonali 12Jashohari Anukha - II Mahuya 11Jashohari Anukha - II Menoka 11Jashohari Anukha - II Lipika 10Jashohari Anukha - II Karabi 10Jashohari Anukha - II Soumi 9Jashohari Anukha - II Munmun 9Jashohari Anukha - II Joyee 9Jashohari Anukha - II Moumita 8Jashohari Anukha - II Tinta 6Jashohari Anukha - II Koyal 5Kandi Municipality Area Prabhati 9Kandi Municipality Area Haragouri 9Kandi Municipality Area Mou 9
Kandi Municipality Area Manoshi 7
Purandarpur Pranati 12
Purandarpur Monika 10
Purandarpur Elora 10
Purandarpur Manosha 9
Purandarpur Mithai 9
Purandarpur Methai 9
Purandarpur Jharna 8
Purandarpur Maa Mari 7
Purandarpur Maa Rashakali 7
Purandarpur Balaram 6
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Thus, there are only 4 SHGs within the Kandi Municipal Area none of the members of
which have toilet facilities at their home. On the contrary, there are 15 SHGs in Andulia
none of the members of which have toilet facilities at their home.
GP / Municipality No of SHGs No of HouseholdsKandi Municipality Area 4 34
Jashohari Anukha - I 9 80Purandarpur 10 87Jashohari Anukha - II 11 100
Andulia 15 139
Gram Panchayat-wise Distribution of SHGs with 80 - 99% of the members have No
Toilet
GPSHGName No of Households No Toilet % of No Toilet
Kandi Municipality Area Agomoni 10 8 80.00
Kandi Municipality Area Tithi 10 8 80.00Kandi Municipality Area Isani 10 8 80.00
Kandi Municipality Area Shubadip 11 9 81.82
Kandi Municipality Area Padma 11 9 81.82
Kandi Municipality Area Pritilata 9 8 88.89
Kandi Municipality Area Bani 11 10 90.91
Kandi Municipality Area Rakhi 12 11 91.67
Kandi Municipality Area Jharna 12 11 91.67
Kandi Municipality Area Joty 13 12 92.31
Jashohari Anukha - II Kumkum 10 8 80.00Jashohari Anukha - II Sanchari 11 9 81.82
Jashohari Anukha - II Rahoni 11 9 81.82
Jashohari Anukha - II Papri 6 5 83.33Jashohari Anukha - II Banaful 7 6 85.71
Jashohari Anukha - II Bijoya 9 8 88.89Jashohari Anukha - II Rupali 10 9 90.00Jashohari Anukha - II Rumpa 10 9 90.00
Jashohari Anukha - II Uttran 11 10 90.91Jashohari Anukha - II Pratibha 11 10 90.91Jashohari Anukha - I Yeandrila 10 9 90.00Andulia Parvin 10 8 80.00
Andulia Nagma 8 7 87.50
Andulia Sagorika 9 8 88.89
Andulia Datababa 10 9 90.00
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Gram Panchayat-wise Distribution of SHGs with 50 80% of the members have No
Toilet
GP SHG Name No of Households No Toilet % of No Toilet
Andulia Apanjan 7 4 57.14
Andulia Roma 10 6 60.00
Andulia Tajmira 10 6 60.00
Andulia Sakila 8 5 62.50Andulia Murshida 8 5 62.50
Andulia Soma 14 9 64.29
Andulia Namita 10 7 70.00
Andulia Nashima 11 8 72.73
Andulia Minar 12 9 75.00
Andulia keya 8 6 75.00
Jashohari Anukha - I Balaka 9 5 55.56
Jashohari Anukha - I Shila 10 7 70.00
Jashohari Anukha - II Mamata 10 5 50.00
Jashohari Anukha - II Rajeswari 10 5 50.00
Jashohari Anukha - II Bhiva 8 4 50.00Jashohari Anukha - II Sarala 6 3 50.00
Jashohari Anukha - II Nandini 9 5 55.56
Jashohari Anukha - II Sampa 9 5 55.56
Jashohari Anukha - II Parama 7 4 57.14
Jashohari Anukha - II Sayani 10 6 60.00
Jashohari Anukha - II Kakuli 10 6 60.00
Jashohari Anukha - II Kusum 9 6 66.67
Jashohari Anukha - II Srity 10 7 70.00
Jashohari Anukha - II Chitralakha 10 7 70.00
Jashohari Anukha - II Bristi 11 8 72.73
Jashohari Anukha - II Saheli 11 8 72.73Jashohari Anukha - II Pinki 4 3 75.00
Jashohari Anukha - II Anjali 9 7 77.78
Kandi Municipality Area Rudradeb 12 6 50.00
Kandi Municipality Area Maina 6 3 50.00
Kandi Municipality Area Nabanita 9 5 55.56
Kandi Municipality Area Chameli 10 6 60.00
Kandi Municipality Area Maa Laxmi 8 5 62.50
Kandi Municipality Area Sandha 9 6 66.67
Kandi Municipality Area Pallabi 9 6 66.67
Kandi Municipality Area Dali 6 4 66.67
Kandi Municipality Area Jutjika 10 7 70.00Kandi Municipality Area Imli 9 7 77.78
Kandi Municipality Area Dolon 9 7 77.78
Purandarpur Arunima 9 5 55.56
Purandarpur Radhika 12 7 58.33
Purandarpur Bhakti 10 6 60.00
Purandarpur Tulika 12 8 66.67
Purandarpur Bani 7 5 71.43
Purandarpur Dayamoyee 11 8 72.73
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Gram Panchayat-wise Distribution of SHGs with
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Key Statistics at a Glance
Area
Andulia
Jashoha
ri
Anukha-I
Jashoha
ri
Anukha-II
Kandi
Municipality
Puranda
rpur
Total
Households covered 348 120 486 449 199 1602Male 767 221 873 943 367 3171
Female 745 234 832 919 353 3083Total population covered 1512 455 1705 1862 720 6254No of Households having no Toilet 253 106 304 222 134 1019% of Households having no Toilet 72.70 88.33 62.55 49.44 67.34 63.61No of Households having Toilet 95 14 182 227 65 583No of Households using Govt Tube well 329 120 454 408 198 1509
% of Households using Govt Tube wells 94.54 100.00 93.42 90.87 99.50 94.19
No of Households having own Tube well 19 0 32 41 1 93
Key Learning
It has already been mentioned that the present study was conducted to develop SHG-
specific strategies in and around the project area so as to foster the pace of activities as
well as to develop other functional strategies like setting the priorities, fixing the targets
both long term and short term, formulating the Communication Strategy, etc. In short, the
learning are the following :
1. Though the survey had been conducted among the SHG members only, the databy and large reflects the overall scenario of the respective localities.
2. SHG members, as Role Models, can act as Change Agents in their respectivelocalities. Hence, SHG focused strategies are required to be adopted to foster the
pace of activities.
3. Within the members of a SHG, priorities shall be on
a. Households having more female members.
b. Households having own water sources
4. Within a particular locality, viz., Gram Panchayat or Municipality, SHGs withvery low or very high toilet intensities may be targeted at the initial stage.
5. In Jashohari Anukha I and Andulia, toilet intensity is substantially lower incomparison to the other areas and thus, these areas require special attention. In
this connection, it would be worth mentioning that toilet intensity has a
relationship with overall health and hygiene awareness. Hence, it would be
convenient to promote the overall health and hygiene awareness which might
produce a better result.