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RELATIONSHIPAMONG
THEORY,RESEARCHAND
PRACTICE
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THEORY
is a product of knowledge
is a group of concepts that describe a
pattern of reality which can be tested,
changed, or used to guide a research
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RESEARCH
is a process of inquiry
is a method used to gather data
needed for the theory
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PRACTICE
To do or perform (something)
repeatedly in order to acquire or polish
a skill
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NURSING THEORY
is a set of concepts, definitions,
relationships, and assumptions or
propositions derived from nursing models
or from other disciplines and project apurposive, systematic view of
phenomena by designing specific inter-
relationships among concepts for thepurposes of describing, explaining,
predicting, and/or prescribing
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NURSING RESEARCHis a scientific process that validates
and refines existing knowledge andgenerates new knowledge that directly
and indirectly influences nursing
practice
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NURSING PRACTICE
is the actual provision of nursing care
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First, theory is often based on observations
that are taken from practice. Then it will be
tested in clinical practice by clinicalresearch. The research process can
validate the theory, cause it to be modified,
or invalidate it. The more research that is
conducted about a theory, the more usefulthe theory is to practice.Practice is based on
the theories of the discipline that are
validated through research. Theory guides
the research process, forms the researchquestions, aids in design, analysis and
interpretation.
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Second, decisions made in practice
are often determined by drawing on
nursing theories. In some cases, therelationship between nursing theory
and nursing practice is that of a theory
being used as a tool in practice.
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For example, if a patient with a certain
condition or illness is taken under a
nurse's care, the nurse may look tonursing theory to figure out which
pharmaceuticals to describe, which
reactions to expect, and even how tospeak to the patient. A nurse can have
faith that a nursing theory is accurate
because it is probably based on years
of observation.
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The relationship between nursing
theory and nursing practice can also
work the other way. As nurses workwith different kinds of patients who
may be experiencing new conditions
or displaying unfamiliar behaviors, newnursing theory can be produced, and
existing nursing theory can change.
Many experts believe that a theory can
only be successful if it accurately
describes real life situations with
consistency.
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Nursing theory is also often used to
explain nursing practice. In this sense,
the relationship between nursingtheory and nursing practice is most
visible in the context of nursing
education. Students learning nursingprocedures consult theory to better
understand why certain practices are
performed.
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Systematization of nursing practice is
another key component of the
relationship between theory and practice.When research determines the optimal
care protocols for a particular condition, it
is important that nurses provide that
same care to care when dealing with all
patients suffering from the condition. A
theory can act as a guide for nurses so
that they can know which treatmentsalready have been provided and which
steps should come next.
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Theory also can be helpful in predicting
the behaviors and reactions of patients.
In nursing practice, a professional canpredict how patients from different age
groups and with different conditions
might behave according to established
nursing theories. This function of theory
also can allow nurses to determine which
kinds of preventative measures they
should take prior to treating a patient soas to avoid accidents and
miscalculations.
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Nursing theory is used to predict patient responsesto treatment and overall improvement outcomesusing observation and analysis throughout the
course of treatment. Theory approaches come infour general categories: descriptive, explanatory,predictive and prescriptive. Descriptive frameworksrely on concrete variables to analyze and predicttreatment progress and outcome. Explanatory
frameworks focus on how a patient's physical,emotional and environmental characteristics relateto an assigned course of treatment. Predictivetheories are based on expected treatmentoutcomes based on a patient's existing condition.
Prescriptive theories emphasize the therapeuticimpact of the nurse-patient relationship and how itaffect the treatment outcomes.