Reformation and Reformation and Renaissance in Northern Renaissance in Northern
EuropeEurope
The Northern RenaissanceThe Northern Renaissance
Kings, Commerce and ColumbusKings, Commerce and Columbus
Northern Renaissance Courts: Francis I of Northern Renaissance Courts: Francis I of France and Leonardo da Vinci; Henry VIII France and Leonardo da Vinci; Henry VIII of England and Hans Holbeinof England and Hans Holbein
Francis I’s Chateau de ChambordFrancis I’s Chateau de Chambord
The ReformationThe Reformation
Martin Luther: 1483-1546. 95 Theses or Martin Luther: 1483-1546. 95 Theses or complaints against the Church.complaints against the Church.
Reformation: split Western Christianity Reformation: split Western Christianity into the Catholic Church and the into the Catholic Church and the Protestant faiths.Protestant faiths.
Appealed to Germans who disliked the Appealed to Germans who disliked the Church’s taxesChurch’s taxes
Luther’s Challenge: 1520Luther’s Challenge: 1520
““Only scripture, only grace, only faith”: Only scripture, only grace, only faith”: rejecting Catholic doctrine not biblically rejecting Catholic doctrine not biblically based.based.Salvation only through grace, not worksSalvation only through grace, not worksIndividual’s direct connection to God Individual’s direct connection to God without priests’ intercessionwithout priests’ intercessionPope Leo ignored LutherPope Leo ignored LutherWhen threatened with excommunication, When threatened with excommunication, Luther burned the documentLuther burned the document
The Appeal of the ReformationThe Appeal of the Reformation
Peasants’ revolts bloodily put down by Peasants’ revolts bloodily put down by German rulers with Luther’s blessingsGerman rulers with Luther’s blessings
Faith accessible to common believerFaith accessible to common believer
Luther translated the New Testament into Luther translated the New Testament into GermanGerman
Hymns in German, not LatinHymns in German, not Latin
Simple worshipSimple worship
The Protestant EthicThe Protestant Ethic
Paradox: Merchants became rich yet Paradox: Merchants became rich yet condemned rich popescondemned rich popes
Wealth: sign of God’s “elect” for Wealth: sign of God’s “elect” for Calvinists.Calvinists.
Work and wealth; no pleasure-seeking Work and wealth; no pleasure-seeking activitiesactivities
CalvinismCalvinism
John Calvin (1509-64) SwissJohn Calvin (1509-64) Swiss
Forced to leave Catholic FranceForced to leave Catholic France
Predestination: God determines who will Predestination: God determines who will gain salvation.gain salvation.
Hard work and wealth: signs of electionHard work and wealth: signs of election
No dancing, drinking, dissent: “Blue laws”No dancing, drinking, dissent: “Blue laws”
Rigid and intolerant social disciplineRigid and intolerant social discipline
CalvinismCalvinism
The religion for which they sacrificed so The religion for which they sacrificed so much was a severe one. Calvinism frowned much was a severe one. Calvinism frowned upon 'dancing, dicing, cards and indecent upon 'dancing, dicing, cards and indecent songs.' Calvin's 'Blue Laws' required the songs.' Calvin's 'Blue Laws' required the host of a French public inn to keep a Bible host of a French public inn to keep a Bible on the premises should anyone wish to on the premises should anyone wish to read it and his customers were to be put read it and his customers were to be put out promptly at nine o'clock at night. out promptly at nine o'clock at night.
The Elizabethan AgeThe Elizabethan Age
The Reformation in England: Henry VIII The Reformation in England: Henry VIII requested divorce from his wife Catherine requested divorce from his wife Catherine of Aragon; pope did not agree; Henry of Aragon; pope did not agree; Henry broke away from Church and founded broke away from Church and founded Anglican Church.Anglican Church.Anglican faith prevailed under Elizabeth IAnglican faith prevailed under Elizabeth IRepressed Puritans (Calvinists) who came Repressed Puritans (Calvinists) who came to Americato America
Religions in Europe after the Religions in Europe after the ReformationReformation
Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, southern Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, southern Germany, Austria, Hungary: CatholicGermany, Austria, Hungary: Catholic
Northern Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Northern Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Scandinavia: ProtestantScandinavia: Protestant
England, Scotland, Wales: AnglicanEngland, Scotland, Wales: Anglican
Ireland: CatholicIreland: Catholic
Northern Renaissance ArtNorthern Renaissance Art
Intense visual realism--Jan van Eyck: jewel-like Intense visual realism--Jan van Eyck: jewel-like detail and vivid colorsdetail and vivid colors
Oil on wood: better to reflect light than frescoOil on wood: better to reflect light than fresco
Altarpiece of Ghent; Marriage of Giovanni Altarpiece of Ghent; Marriage of Giovanni Arnolfini and Giovanna Cenami (Arnolfini and Giovanna Cenami ( symbols: dog, symbols: dog, fidelity, candle, light of Christ, fruit, fertility, fidelity, candle, light of Christ, fruit, fertility, mirror reflects artist)mirror reflects artist)
Mastery of light, color and pictorial space Mastery of light, color and pictorial space
Faith and Humanism in the Faith and Humanism in the Northern ArtsNorthern Arts
Matthias Grunewald’s Matthias Grunewald’s Crucifixion :Crucifixion : Bubonic plagueBubonic plague
Durer : Durer : Self- Portrait Self- Portrait
Pieter Bruegel : Painter of country Life: Pieter Bruegel : Painter of country Life: The Parable of the Blind, The Hunter’s The Parable of the Blind, The Hunter’s ReturnReturn
Genre paintings: scenes of daily lifeGenre paintings: scenes of daily life
Humanism in the NorthHumanism in the North
Erasmus: satire; opposed Luther’s viewsErasmus: satire; opposed Luther’s views
Montaigne: essaysMontaigne: essays
Thomas More: UtopiaThomas More: Utopia
Theater in Elizabethan AgeTheater in Elizabethan Age
Theater above all artsTheater above all arts
1576: Theater of London, later Globe1576: Theater of London, later Globe
Shakespeare: Shakespeare: Hamlet, Macbeth, OthelloHamlet, Macbeth, Othello and and King Lear.King Lear. Psychological epics Psychological epics
Blank verse: five stressed poetic line or Blank verse: five stressed poetic line or pentameterpentameter
HamletHamlet
Palestrina and the Counter-Palestrina and the Counter-ReformationReformation
Catholic reaction against the Reformation: Catholic reaction against the Reformation: Council of TrentCouncil of Trent
Palestrina: attuned to the changes in the Palestrina: attuned to the changes in the Church, who returned to religious Church, who returned to religious conservative musicconservative music
Purification of music; music based on Purification of music; music based on plainchantplainchant
Renaissance Theater in ItalyRenaissance Theater in ItalyFrom three to five acts; realistic From three to five acts; realistic Staging design and machinery; backdropsStaging design and machinery; backdropsPalladio’s Teatro OlimpicoPalladio’s Teatro OlimpicoCamerata: revived Greek tragedies and Camerata: revived Greek tragedies and incorporated Gabrieli’s music: opera was incorporated Gabrieli’s music: opera was born! born! Commedia dell’arte: comic theater with Commedia dell’arte: comic theater with invented dialogueinvented dialogue
Camerata FiorentinaCamerata Fiorentina
Opera started in Florence at the end of the XVI Opera started in Florence at the end of the XVI century by a group called Camerata fiorentina century by a group called Camerata fiorentina (literally, those who met in a chamber), (literally, those who met in a chamber), comprised of artists, musicians and writers of the comprised of artists, musicians and writers of the time. The very first opera seems to be the time. The very first opera seems to be the Euridice Euridice by Rinuccini and Peri, first performed by Rinuccini and Peri, first performed on the 6th of October 1600 to compliment Maria on the 6th of October 1600 to compliment Maria de Medici who was getting married to Henry V, de Medici who was getting married to Henry V, King of France. King of France.
Venetian MusicVenetian Music
Gabrieli: instruments that doubled choral Gabrieli: instruments that doubled choral voices: soprano, alto, tenor, baritone, voices: soprano, alto, tenor, baritone, bassbass
The different vocal parts united in a final The different vocal parts united in a final chord or cadences, which provided finality chord or cadences, which provided finality or resolution to the pieceor resolution to the piece
End of polyphony and Renaissance musicEnd of polyphony and Renaissance music
Palladio, Architect of VenicePalladio, Architect of Venice
Andrea Palladio: Country estates, Andrea Palladio: Country estates, classical styles that influenced architects classical styles that influenced architects into 19th centuryinto 19th century
Villa RotondaVilla Rotonda
Textbook for architects for two centuriesTextbook for architects for two centuries
Late Renaissance PaintingLate Renaissance Painting
Venetians preferred oil paint; more durable Venetians preferred oil paint; more durable than fresco in humidity of Venicethan fresco in humidity of Venice
Veronese’s Veronese’s Marriage at CanaMarriage at Cana
Giorgione’s Giorgione’s The Tempest The Tempest (mystery) (mystery)
Titian’s Titian’s Bacchus and Ariadne Bacchus and Ariadne
Parmigianino’s Parmigianino’s Madonna with the Long Madonna with the Long Neck Neck
MannerismMannerism
Exaggeration, distortion and Exaggeration, distortion and expressiveness in an elegant and expressiveness in an elegant and inventive play on Renaissance styleinventive play on Renaissance style
Tintoretto’s Tintoretto’s Last SupperLast Supper
Michelangelo’s Michelangelo’s RondaniniRondanini PietaPieta