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Reflex, Taxis, and Instinct
Lecture 7
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Cognitive Functions of the Mind
• Mediate Adaptive Behavior– Interactions Between Person, World
• Form Internal Representations of the World– Perception, Memory
• Reflect on this Knowledge– Reasoning, Problem-Solving
• Use Knowledge to Guide Behavior– , Decision, Choice, Action
• Communicate Knowledge to Others– Language 2
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Traditional Associationist View of Learning
after Aristotle, De Memoria (250 BCE)and Hume, Treatise of Human Nature (1739)
The Mind Forms Associations Between...• Stimuli
– Events in the Environment– Their Correlates and Consequences
• Responses– Organism’s Behaviors– Their Correlates and Consequences
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Innate Responses to Stimulation
• Reflexes– Involve Individual Muscles
• Taxes– Involve Entire Body
• Instincts (Fixed Action Patterns)– Very Discriminating
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Reflexesafter Descartes, De Homine (c. 1633/1662)
• Automatic Response to Adequate Stimulus– Patellar Reflex– Eyeblink Reflex– All “Spinal” Reflexes
• Involve Single Muscles• Mediated by Spinal, Cranial Nerves
– No Involvement of “Higher” Cortical Centers
www.osceskills.com
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The Decorticate Pigeon as Reflex Machine
Flourens (19th c.)
Preserved• Righting• Stepping• Flying• Swallowing• Irritation
Abolished• Flight from Irritation• Avoidance• Voluntary Action• Emotionality
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Reflexes in the Human InfantTeitelbaum (1967)
• Reflexes of Approach– Rooting– Grasping– Plantarflexion
• Reflexes of Avoidance– Eye Closure– Mouth Closure– Dorsiflexion
• Babinski Reflex
• Stepping 7
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Advantages and Limitations of Reflexes
• Respond to External Stimulation– No Need for Learning
• Limited Repertoire• No Control by Goals, Intentions
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Taxes
• Gross Orientation Responses– Entire Skeletal Musculature
• Positive vs. Negative • Phototaxes• Geotaxes
Kangaroos.org
www.geog.ucsb.edu
www.reddit.com/r/biology
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Instincts(Fixed Action Patterns)
Tinbergen (1951)
• Complex, Stereotyped Action Patterns– Rigidly Organized
• Respond to Releasing Stimulus• Innate
– Not Modified by Learning• Species-Specific
– Universal within SpeciesEthology
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Imprinting in Greylag GeeseLorenz (1935)
• “First” Moving Object• Indiscriminate• Critical Period
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Alarm Reaction in BirdsTinbergen (1951)
• Distress Call
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Food-Begging in Herring-Gull ChicksTinbergen (1951)
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Releasing Stimulus
• Imprinting– Moving Object
• Alarm Reaction– “Hawklike” Silhouette
• Food-Begging– Contrasting Spot– Chick’s Peck
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The Zig-Zag Dance of the SticklebackTinbergen (1951)
• Red-Bellied Male– Head-Down Threat Posture
• Female with Swollen Abdomen– Head-Up Receptive Posture
• Zig-Zag Dance• Female Lays Eggs
– Stimulated in Hindquarters• Male Tends Nest
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Evolution of Behavior
• Evolution Shapes Behavior as well as Body Morphology
• Adaptation to Environmental Niche• Change in Species Characteristics Over
Evolutionary Time• How Can Individuals and Species Adjust to
New Circumstances?
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Positive Phototaxis in Sea Turtles
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Limitations onInnate Responses to Stimulation
• Stimulus Must be Physically Present in Current Environment
• Cannot Respond to New Stimulus
• Cannot Acquire New Responses
• Little Opportunity for Trial-and-Error Learning
How Can Individuals Modify TheirResponses to Environmental Stimulation?18
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Learning
• Relatively Permanent...• Change in Behavior...• Resulting from Experience.
– Not Drugs– Not Injury– Not Maturation
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Pavlov’s ApparatusClassical Conditioning of “Psychic” Reflexes
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Phase 1:Bell, Food
Phase 2:Bell ==> Food
Phase 3:Bell Alone
Classical Conditioning
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Basic Vocabulary ofClassical Conditioning
• Unconditioned Stimulus US• Unconditioned Response UR• Conditioned Stimulus CS• Conditioned Response CR
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