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RECOMBINATION BREEDING OF HEVEA
BRASILIENSIS IN INDIA:CLONES EVOLVED
FROM THE 1983 HYBRIDIZATION PROGRAMME
*Alice John, M.A. Nazeer, V.C. Mercykutty
and Kavitha K. Mydin
* Rubber Training Institute Kottayam 686 009, Kerala, India
Rubber Research Institute of India, Kottayam 686 009,
Kerala, India
Recombination breeding in Hevea involves the
transfer of one or few traits from one parental
clone into another followed by fixation of the trait
of interest by cloning and selection in three
stages viz., Small Scale Trials, large Scale Trials
and On Farm Trials.
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Improvement in yield achieved through breeding
Unselected seedlings – 200 – 300 kg/ha/yr
Seedling population from elite mother trees – 500 kg/ha/yr
Cloning by bud grafting
Primary clones – 1000 kg/ha/yr
Introduction of new clones from other countries
Hybridization and selection among primary clonesEarly hybrid clones – 1500 – 2000 kg/ha/yr
Hybridization among selected parents
Modern hybrid clones – 3000 - 4000 kg/ha/yr
Breeding Cycle
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Hybridization initiated in 1954
RRII 100 series : RRII 105 was the first high
yielding hybrid released from the 1954 hand
pollinated progeny
Subsequently RRII 200, RRII 300 and RRII400
series were evolved
Early efforts of Hevea breeding in India
Year Evaluation stages Location Selections1983 Hybridization involving 8
parents in 6 cross combinations
RRII 230
1985-87 Nursery evaluation ;vegetative characters, structural attributes and test tap yield
RRII 110
1988 Small scale trials ( 7 trials ) Kerala Agricultural University Campus, Trichur
21
2010 Participatory multi location evaluation in Large scale and On farm trials
7 locations Best 9
Genesis of the population under study
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Materials
Cross combination No. of clones Trials Materials
RRIM 612 x RRIM 501 8 Trial 1 20 (14 +6 )
RRIM 600 X Gl 1 82 Trial 2 23 (19+4)
GT 1 x PR 107 2 Trial 3 23(17+6)
RRIM 600 x PR 107 11 Trial 4 18(14+4)
PB 5/51 x RRII 105 2 Trial 5 23(14+4)
GT 1 x RRII 105 5 Trial 6 17(8+5+4)
Ortets – progenies of GG1 polyclonal seedlings
5 Trial 7 27(21+6)
115
Year of planting – 1988 ; Location KAU Campus, Vellanikkara, TrichurDesign – Randomised Block Design : Replications -3 Plants per plot – 3- 5 Common check clones- RRII 105, RRIM 600, GT 1
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Observations recorded
Monthly yield by cup coagulation
Annual yield
Mean yield over first five years
Annual girth recording
Girth at opening
GI rate at immaturity
GI rate under tapping
Timber yield in terms of bole volume
Bole volume - quarter girth method ( Chaudhuri and Khanna, 1987)
Statistical analysis:Analysis of variance and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT)
Results
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Performance in terms of rubber yield, growth and timber yield
TrialsRubber yield
g tree-1 tap-1
Girth at openingcm
Bole Volumem3 tree-1
Mean Range Mean Range Mean Range
Trial 1 33.65* 20.33-76.20 63.22* 49.51-82.67 0.135* 0.055-0.300
Trial 2 29.43* 16.62-45.02 58.41* 48.15-78.93 0.105* 0.060-0.270
Trial 3 26.30* 14.62-45.98 54.83* 41.26-69.56 0.095* 0.034-0.213
Trial 4 27.38* 9.76-51.18 58.83* 46.67-69.33 0.091* 0.042-0.147
Trial 5 29.84* 11.75-45.02 57.36* 45.14-71.28 - -
Trial 6 34.68* 20.75-57.34 58.98* 42.97-69.60 0.128 0.045-0.351
Trial 7 30.11* 15.0-60.53 60.23* 44.80-82.0 0.104* 0.033-0.276
Considering the range of variation in timber yield,clones with clear bole volume > 0.2 m3/tree at the ageof 15 years could be considered potential timberclones. Based on the criteria reported by Mydin (2011),in the present population, clones were categorized aslatex timber clones, latex clones, timber latex clonesand timber clones as follows:
Latex timber clones
: High latex yield better than RRII 105and timber yield > 0.1 m3/tree
Latex clones : High latex yield but low timber yield
Timber latex clones
: Clones with exceptionally high timberyield of > 0.2 m3/tree coupled withlatex yield on par with RRII 105
Timber clones : High timber yield of > 0.2 m3/tree withlow rubber yield
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Promising Latex Timber clone
Trial Clone Parentage Yield of rubber g/t/t
Standard heterosis (% Improvement over RRII
105)
Tappability
(%)
Bole volume
m3 tree-1
Trial 1 83/24 RRIM 600 x Gl 1 76.20 68.88 100 0.30
Trial 1 83/35 RRIM 600 x Gl 1 56.60 25.78 100 0.153
Trial 4 83/29 RRIM 600 x Gl 1 51.18 13.73 100 0.118
Trial 6 83/173 PB 5/51 x RRII 105 50.04 11.20 91.6 0.194
Trial 6 CES O-372
Ortet selection from GG1
57.34 27.42 66.6 0.148
Trial 6 83/191 RRIM 600 x Gl 1 47.01 4.47 83.3 0.193
Trial 6 CES O-17 Ortet selection from GG1
46.59 3.53 81.8 0.186
Trial 7 83/223 GT 1 x RRII 105 59.82 32.93 88.8 0.151
Trial 7 83/234 GT 1 x RRII 105 60.53 34.51 97.7 0.204
Trial Clone Parentage Yield of rubber
g/t/t
Standard heterosis (% Improvement over RRII 105)
Tappability
(%)
Bole volume
m3 tree-1
Trial 5 83/102 RRIM 600 x PR 107 45.02 0.04 70.0 0.087
Trial 6 83/181 RRIM 600 x Gl 1 45.00 - 72.7 0.099
Promising Latex clones
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Trial Clone Parentage Yield of rubber
g/t/t
Tappability
(%)
Bole volume
m3 tree-1
Trial 1 83/31 RRIM 600 x Gl 1 26.69 100 0.287
Trial 1 83/8 RRIM 612 x RRIM 501
25.86 92.8 0.200
Trial 2 83/12 RRIM 600 x Gl 1 30.1 78.5 0.200
Trial 2 83/60 RRIM 600 x Gl 1 26.2 69.2 0.200
Trial 3 83/111 RRIM 600 x PR 107 25.2 77.0 0.200
Trial 3 83/117 RRIM 600 x PR 107 30.35 100 0.213
Trial 3 83/120 RRIM 600 x PR 107 27.68 93.3 0.200
Trial 6 CES O82/185 Ortet selections from GG1 polyclonal
seedlings
30.5 98.0 0.351
Trial 7 83/19 RRIM 600 x Gl 1 26.47 100 0.206
Promising Timber clones
Trial Clone Parentage Yield of rubber
g/t/t
Tappability
(%)
Bole volume
m3 tree-1
Trial 1 83/37 RRIM 600 x Gl 1 40.10 95.0 0.270
Trial 2 83/11 RRIM 600 x Gl 1 43.04 97.7 0.276
Promising Timber Latex clones
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Year ‐wise yield of high yielding clones from the cross
RRIM 600 x Gl 1
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 2 3 4 5
Year
Yield
83/24
83/35
83/29
83/191
Year‐wise yield of high yielding clones from the cross
GT1 x RRII 105
0
20
40
60
80
1 2 3 4 5
Year
Yield
83/224
83/234
Year‐wise yield of high yielding clones from the cross
PB 5/51 x RRII 105
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1 2 3 4 5
Year
Yield
Year‐wise yield of high yielding Ortets
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1 2 3 4 5
Year
Yield
CES ‐372
CES O‐17
83/173
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RRIM 612 x RRIM 501 RRIM 600 x PR 107 GG1 OrtetRRIM 600 x Gl 1
Conclusion
The recovery of 11 potential latex timber and latex clones is a reflectionof the success of the 1983 hybridization programme.
Among the 21 promising selections,11 were of parentage RRIM 600 x Gl1Nursery screening of these progenies had also revealed a high recoveryof superior seedlings from this family to the tune of over 53 percent.
In the present population evolved from 1983 hybridization programmestandard heterosis estimates of selections for rubber yield ranged from0.04 to 69% and yield per se ranged from 45 to 76.22 g/t/t.
A new dimension of timber yield had been added on to the selectionprocedure which has resulted in the identification of 11 clones with highrubber yield and 9 clones which are equally good in rubber and timberyield.
These 11 promising hybrids and ortets likely to possess droughttolerance could be further evaluated in non-traditional drought proneregion as well as north Malabar region of Kerala which also experiencesmoisture stress.