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Recognition Using Visual Phrases
Ali Farhadi, Mohammad Amin Sadeghi
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
CVPR'11, Best Student Paper
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Object Recognition
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Object Recognition
Parts, Poselets and Attributes High literature, For example;
(Fergus, Perona, Zisserman, 2003) ,
(Bourdev, Malik 2009),..
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Object Recognition
Scenes Huge literature, For example;
{Oliva, Torralba 2001}
{SUN, 2010}
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Object Recognition
Scenes Parts, Poselets and Attributes
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What is a Visual Phrase ?
Scenes Objects Visual Phrases
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What is a Visual Phrase ?
Part of image natural to cut out
Corresponds to chunk of meaning bigger than object and
smaller than scene
Example: Person lying on a sofa, Dog jumping
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Visual Phrases
Corresponds to chunk of meaning bigger than object and smaller than scene
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Visual Phrases
A person riding a horse
A woman drinks from a water bottle
Objects Interactions +
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Visual Phrases
Dog Jumping
Object Activity +
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Semantically Speaking
“a person riding a horse”?
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Semantically Speaking
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Semantically Speaking
Horse
Person
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Semantically Speaking
Horse
Person
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Participating in Phrases affects the
appearance of the objects
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Visual composites might be much
easier to detect than their participant
components.
Change in Appearance
A few postures
One leg not visible
…
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Characteristic Appearance
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Adding Visual Phrases to
The Vocabulary of Recognition
Learn to detect visual phrases
Person riding horse, dog lying on sofa
Potential Concerns:
Combinatorial number of visual phrases
Not all possible combinations of words make a visual phrase
Lack of training data
No need for several training examples
Visual phrases are less complex, easy to detect.
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Phrasal Recognition Dataset
Individual Objects that are well studied Pascal Objects
Person, bike, car, dog, horse, bottle, sofa, and chair
Phrases person riding horse; person sitting on sofa; person sitting on chair;
person lying on sofa; person lying on beach; person riding bicycle;
horse and rider jumping; person next to horse; person next to
bicycle; bicycle next to car; person jumping; person next to car; dog
lying on sofa; dog running; dog jumping; person running; and person
drinking from a bottle
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8 Objects
from Pascal
17 visual phrases
2769 images
„120 per categ.
5067 examples
1796 visual phr.
+
3271 objects
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Training the Detectors
Visual Phrases : Deformable part models [P. F. Felzenszwalb et. al. 2010 v4]
On Phrasal Recognition Dataset
50 examples per visual phrase
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Appearance Models
person riding horse person riding bicycle person jumping
person drinking bottle person sitting on sofa
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Visual Phrase Detectors
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Visual Phrase Detectors
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Baseline
Baseline: Upper bound on how well one can detect a visual phrase by
detecting participating objects
Fine tune the baseline to perform as best as it could
potentially do
Unfair Advantages to the baseline
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Training the Detectors
Objects:
State of the art detectors
V 4.0 of deformable part models
Trained on thousands of examples
Heavily fine tuned
Train deformable part models on Phrasal Recognition dataset
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Baseline: From Detected Objects
to Visual Phrase Detections
C2
C1 Min(C1,C2)
Max(C1,C2)
Mean(C1,C2)
Regress(C1,C2)
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Quantitative Results
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Average Precision
Optimistic upper-bound on how well one can detect visual phrases by
individually detecting participating objects then Modeling the relation.
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Multiple Independent Detectors
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Multiple Independent Detectors
Discourage
Predictions
Encourage
Predictions
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Decoding Multiple Detectors
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Design a Visual Phrase Detector
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Feature Representation
Well designed feature representations should
make it unnecessary to account for pairwise
interactions
All detectors should be aware of responses of
other detectors in a vicinity
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Design a Visual Phrase Detector Person Horse
P rides H
NMS
Non-maximum suppression
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What’s wrong with NMS
We could have done better
if visual phrase plays a role
Maybe remove this because some
person is riding a horse and there
shouldn‟t be another person under the
horse
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What’s wrong with NMS
We could have done better
if visual phrase plays a role
If person detector gives a low
confidence, but we are pretty sure there
are horse and person riding it,
confidence for this person should go up
Need a better method that take into
account the relationship between
objects
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NMS to Decoder
NMS
Novel decoding procedure
“Recognition Using Visual Phrases” Mohammad Sadeghi, Ali Farhadi
Our current pipeline
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NMS to Decoder
Novel decoding procedure
“Recognition Using Visual Phrases” Mohammad Sadeghi, Ali Farhadi
Our current pipeline
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Redefine Feature
Decoding needs more info from features
Goal: a new representation of feature that is aware of the
surrounding features
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Representation of Feature x1
Consider this “person” bounding box
Suppose this is feature x1
Now let’s consider x1 in relation
with other surrounding
“person”
Above
Overlap
Below Conf 0.4 Conf 0.2
0 0 0
0.4 0 0.2
0 0 0
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Representation of Feature x1
Consider this “person” bounding box
Suppose this is feature x1
Now let’s consider x1 in relation
with other surrounding “horse”
Above
Below
Overlap
0 0 0
0 0 0
0.8 0.7 1.2
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Representation of Feature x1
Consider this “person” bounding box
Suppose this is feature x1
Now let’s consider x1 in relation
with other surrounding “P rides
H”
Above
Below
Overlap
0 0 0
0 0 0
0.9 0.6 1.8
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Representation of Feature x1 feature vector x1 (class “person”)
0 0 0
0 0 0
0.8 0.7 1.2
0 0 0
0.4 0 0.2
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0.9 0.6 1.8
“person”
Interaction of x1with
“horse”
“P rides H”
Interaction of x1with
Interaction of x1with
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Representation of Feature x1
feature vector x1
0 0 0
0 0 0
0.8 0.7 1.2
0 0 0
0.4 0 0.2
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0.9 0.6 1.8
“person”
“horse”
“P rides H”
…
3 x 9
+1
Confidence of this bounding box More generally (K x 9) + 1, K=# of classes
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Decoding
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Before and After
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Before and After
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Results
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Results
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Results
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Results
This method outperforms state-of-the-art object detector and state-of-the-art
multiclass recognition method of C. F. C. Desai, D. Ramana.
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Results
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Results
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Results
This method outperforms state-of-the-art object detector and state-of-the-art
multiclass recognition method of C. F. C. Desai, D. Ramana.
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Conclusion Visual Phrases
Bigger than objects and smaller than scenes
Substantial gain in understanding images
Phrasal recognition help object recognition
Including to the vocabulary of recognition
Decoding
What should we recognize
Semantic spectrum of elements of recognition
Visual phrases in practice, limitations
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Images used in presentation are taken from web and UIUC Phrasal Recognition Dataset,
Slides based on authors' presentation