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Ray Archuleta
Conservation Agronomist
NRCS-ENTSC
2901 East Lee Street
Greensboro NC 27313
336-662-5908
NRCS-ENTSC National Soil Quality team
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Participants will be able to list and describe:
1) How physical, chemical, biology disturbance impacts soil function
2) How soil biology impacts soil function3) Case studies throughout the country that
farm in nature’s image and utilize manureaccordingly…
4) What are the common management principles this agriculture practitioner’s apply
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Soil health/quality is the capacity of a specific kind of soil to function, within natural or managed ecosystem boundaries, to sustain plant and animal productivity, maintain or enhance water and air quality, and support human health and habitation.
USDA NRCS
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Soils perform five board ecological functions:
1) Principle medium for plant growth2) Regulate water supplies3) Recycles raw materials and waste products4) Serves as engineering medium for human
built structures5) Habitat to many living organisms- a major
ecosystem in its own right.
The Nature and Properties of Soil 13th edition, page 45 Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
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.
Context Builds Understanding:
your experience of a situation
depends
on the context within which
you interpret that situation.
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Ecology:
the study of
relationships between
people, animals, and
plants, and their
environment.Interconnectedness
Soil Surface
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Focus On Nature’s Similarities then Dissimilarities
Africa
Virginia
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Battle Starts Here
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North towards New Jersey: 2008
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Flying north towards Jersey: 2008
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Conservation Tillage ?
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Urban DisturbanceAgriculture Disturbance
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Lake A-T-Lax: 14 miles SW of High Point NC
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No Cover: Near Columbus Ohio
Oct 2010
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Bulk Density of Soils in New Jersey
Reference: Bulk Density for Concrete is 2.4 g/cm3
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Clear runoff
from no-tilled
field
No-tilled fieldConventional-tilled field
Sediment runoff from
conventional-tilled field
Impact of disturbed Aggregates
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Continuous
GoodRotational
Excellent Rotational
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Disrupted Soil Ecosystem
This soil is naked, hungry, thirsty and running a fever!
Ray Archuleta 2007
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Endogeic earthworm in aestivation, occurs when the soil
is too hot, cold or dry
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Soil Temperatures
Bare SoilFull Crop Canopy
Ambient Air Temperature = 105 Degrees F
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When soil temperature reaches...
140 F Soil bacteria die
130 F 100% moisture is lost through
evaporation and transpiration
113 FSome bacteria species start dying
100 F 15% of moisture is used for growth85% moisture lost through evaporationand transpiration
95 F
70 F 100% moisture is used for growthJ.J. McEntire, WUC, USDA SCS, Kernville TX, 3-58 4-R-12198. 1956
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C
Energy flow, Water cycle, Bio-Community Dynamics and the Biogeochemical nutrient cycle
At the field level: Tillage disrupts this
Ecosystem Processes!
NPK
Ray Archuleta
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Loss of SOM as CO2
CO2CO2CO2
PHYSICAL DISTURBANCE: Tillage induces the native bacteria to consume soil carbon; byproduct is C02.
Tillage disrupts Drilo-Poro-Detritus-Rhizo-and the Aggregtus-sphere
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M = Mobile
R. = Research
G = Gas
E = Exchange
M = Machine
MR. GEM
Invisible effects of invisible forces!
Reicosky et al., 1995
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Reicosky et al., 1995
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Subsoil tillage Mold bold tillage Chisel tillage
Different tillage = Different rates of SOM loss
CO2
SOM loss
Mold bold plow Chisel plow
3X 2X 1X
Reicosky,2000
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Tillage
CT NT2 NT8 NT40
Mic
rob
ial
bio
ma
ss
C (
lbs
/ac
)
100
200
300
400
0-7.5 cm
7.5-15 cm
15-22.5 cm
22.5-30 cm
Tillage p<0.001Depth p<0.001Interactions p<0.21
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Microaggregate20-90 µm
90-250 µm
Plant and fungi debris
Microaggregate Silt+Clay
Microestructure of clay
Particulate organic matter
Fungi hyphae
Macroaggregate
Basic components of macroaggregate
Adapted from Tisdal and Oades 1982; Mikka and Rice, 2004
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Mechanical disturbance by tillage disrupts aggregation, exposes SOM protected within the aggregates to microbial attack
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The decrease of SOM within the aggregates due microbial attack causes dispersion of clay
particles, clay microstructure and silt+clay microaggregates
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Forest SOM = 4.3 %
CT 17 yr- Soybean monoculture SOM = 1.6 %
20
cm
la
yer
What happened to this soil?
62.8% loss of SOM after 17 yr intensive
tillage
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Black Box Syndrome
H+NO3
-
K+
Soil Solution
Ca++
Fe++
HPO4--
BO3--
SO4--
O2CO2
NH4+
P2O5H2PO4
-
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Dennis Froemke
ND Area Range Specialist
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vasicular-arbuscular
mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi
Rhizosphere
Dennis Froemke
ND Area Range Specialist
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Dr. Kris Nichols, Microbiologist, ARS, Mandan, ND
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Hierarchical Understanding on How Biodiversity Improves Soil Functions!
M.H. Beare, D.C. Coleman, D.A. Crossley Jr., P.F. Hendrix and E.P. Odum (1995)
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Hierarchical Approach to Understanding Soil Function
Rhizosphere
Drilosphere
Aggregtusphere
Detritusphere
Porosphere
Decomposition active zone
Aggregation active zone
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Destructive release of nutrients: Constructive release of nutrients:
Tillage: Disking, Plowingand other high soil disturbanceActivities.
Plant Roots:Exudates
Commercial l Fertilizer : Over use in low carbon soils (tilled) or buffered soils.
Soil Organism Predation:
Fallow Fields: (Leaky system) Manure or Compost:
Fire Crop Residueor plant litter:
Priming effect: soil releases nutrients to plant
Various Sources
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Martin Alexander 1967 Intro to Soil Microbiology
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N
N
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P
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M
M
M
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K
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K
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K
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What can the plant access alone?
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Collaboration between root fungus and roots
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What Impacts the Mycorrhizae?
1. Tillage- diminishes hyphae and spores
2. Fallow periods-minifies spore populations
3. Burning stubble-kills spores on soil surface
4. Poor soil drainage-reduces population
5. Fungicides-extremely toxic6. Most herbicides or pesticides applied
at recommended rates have little effect on mycorrhizae.
Soil Microbiology: Mark Coyne 1999
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20 years of similar tillage intensity and C inputs
but contrasting types of organic inputs
Crop residues
Cover Crops
Animal manure
Crop residues