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Rational
Functional Tester
Dan Yahav
Yael Grumbach
Eitan Kovacs
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Ariane 5
On June 4 1996 the first flight of the European Space Agency's new Ariane 5 rocket failed shortly after launching.
It was reportedly due to the lack of exception handling of a floating-point error in a conversion from a 64-bit integer to a 16-bit signed integer.
Computer system failures caused by bugs
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Banking bugs
Software bugs caused the bank accounts of
823customers of a major U.S. bank to be
credited with $924,844,208.32 each in May of
1996.
Computer system failures (cont.)
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Some facts…
About US$250 billion spent per year
in the US on application
development. Of this, about US$140
billion wasted due to the projects
getting abandoned or reworked.
20% of costs are development costs.
80% are testing costs.
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Organization of this Lecture
Introduction to Software
Engineering.
Software testing.
Products.
Demo.
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Introduction to Software
Engineering
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What is Software Engineering?
“The whole trouble comes from the fact
that there is so much tinkering with
software. It is not made in a clean
fabrication process, which it should be.
What we need, is software engineering”
(F.L. Bauer, 1968)
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What is Software Engineering?
(cont.)
Hybrid of:
Scientific.
Technical principles.
Management principles.
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Software process
A set of activities whose goal is the
development or evolution of software.
Generic activities in all software processes are:
Specification - what the system should do and its
development constraints.
Development - production of the software system.
Validation - checking that the software is what the
customer wants.
Evolution - changing the software in response to
changing demands.
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Software process model
A simplified representation of a software
process, presented from a specific
perspective.
Generic process models
Waterfall
Spiral model
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Software Processes
waterfall model Requirements
definition
System and
software design
Implementation
and unit testing
Integration and
system testing
Operation and
maintenance
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Spiral model
R i s k a n a l y s i s
R i s k a n a l y s i s
R i s k a n a l y s i s
Risk anal ysis P r o t o -
t y p e 1
P r o t o t y p e 2
P r o t o t y p e 3 O p e r a - t i o n a l p r o t o y p e
C o n c e p t o f O p e r a t i o n
S i m u l a t i o n s , m o d e l s , b e n c h m a r k s
S / W r e q u i r e m e n t s
R e q u i r e m e n t v a l i d a t i o n
D e s i g n V & V
P r o d u c t d e s i g n D e t a i l e d
d e s i g n
C o d e
U n i t t e s t
I n t e g r a t i o n t e s t A c c e p t a n c e
t e s t S e r v i c e D e v e l o p , v e r i f y n e x t - l e v e l p r o d u c t
E v a l u a t e a l t e r n a t i v e s i d e n t i f y , r e s o l v e r i s k s
D e t e r m i n e o b j e c t i v e s a l t e r n a t i v e s a n d
c o n s t r a i n t s
P l a n n e x t p h a s e
I n t e g r a t i o n a n d t e s t p l a n
D e v e l o p m e n t p l a n
R e q u i r e m e n t s p l a n L i f e - c y c l e p l a n
R E V I E W
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Software Testing
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Software Testing
Definition - operation of a system or
application under controlled conditions and
evaluating the results.
The controlled conditions should include:
Normal conditions.
Abnormal conditions.
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Software Testing
Organization viewpoint
Combined responsibility of one group or
individual.
Or
Project teams.
It depends on what best fits an organization's size
and business structure…
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Why does software have
bugs?
Programming errors
Programmers, like anyone else, can make
mistakes.
Changing requirements
Redesign, rescheduling of engineers.
Miscommunication or no
communication
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Why does software have bugs?
(cont.)
Software complexity
5 faults/1000 LOC
1M LOC will have 5000 faults
Windows XP has 45M LOC 45 * 5000 = 225,000
UNIX has 4M LOC 4 * 5000 = 20,000
Time pressures
Egos
People prefer to say things like:
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people prefer to say things
like:
No Problem…
that adds a lot of
complexity and we could
end up making a lot of
mistakes.
Instead Of
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people prefer to say things
like:
piece of cake… we can't figure out that
old spaghetti code. Instead Of
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The testing process
Unit
testing
Module
testing
Sub-
system
testing
System
testing
Acceptance
testing
Unit Testing The most 'micro' scale of
testing to test particular
functions or code modules.
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The testing process
Unit
testing
Module
testing
Sub-
system
testing
System
testing
Acceptance
testing
Module Testing Related collections of
dependent components
are tested.
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The testing process
Unit
testing
Module
testing
Sub-
system
testing
System
testing
Acceptance
testing
Sub System Testing Modules are integrated
into sub-systems and tested.
The focus here should be on
interface testing.
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The testing process
Unit
testing
Module
testing
Sub-
system
testing
System
testing
Acceptance
testing
System Testing Testing of the system
as a whole. Testing of
emergent properties.
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The testing process
Unit
testing
Module
testing
Sub-
system
testing
System
testing
Acceptance
testing
Acceptance Testing Formal testing conducted to
enable a user, customer or other
authorized entity to determine
whether to accept a system or
component.
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The testing process
Unit
testing
Module
testing
Sub-
system
testing
System
testing
Acceptance
testing
Regression Testing Re-testing after fixes or
modifications of the
software or its
environment.
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Effort to Repair Software (when defects are detected at different stages)
0.15 0.5 1 2
5
20
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Reqmts Design Coding Unit test Acc. Test Maintenance
Rela
tive e
ffort
to r
epair
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Testing types
White box testing.
Black-box Testing.
Also called Functional Testing.
An abstraction of a device or system in which
only its externally visible behavior is
considered and not its implementation or
"inner workings".
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Black-box advantages
1. Unbiased test.
2. Specific programming languages
knowledge is not required.
3. Will help to expose any ambiguities or
inconsistencies in the specifications.
4. Early design of tests.
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Black-box disadvantages
1. Tests redundancy.
2. Difficult to design without clear
specifications.
3. Cannot be directed toward specific
segments of code which may be very
complex.
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Products for
Automated Testing
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Mercury QuickTest
Supported Environments - Web
applications, Win32 / MFC applications.
.NET and JAVA Add-in.
SAP & Siebel.
Oracle.
Operating System - Windows 2000 and
further.
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Rational Functional
Tester
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Rational Functional Tester
Features
1. Support for testing of Java, Web, Visual
Studio .NET WinForm-based
applications and Siebel.
2. Choice of language - Java or Visual
Basic .NET - for test script customization.
3. Native Java and Visual Basic .NET editor
and debugger for advanced testers.
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Rational Functional Tester
Features (cont.)
4. ScriptAssure technology to accommodate frequent UI modifications.
5. Automated data-driven testing eliminate need for manual coding.
6. Multiple verification points with regular expression pattern matching support.
7. Advanced object map maintenance capabilities.
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Rational Functional Tester
Features (cont.)
8. Ships with IBM Rational ClearCase LT
for automated version control.
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System requirements
Linux Red hat version 9.0 (All functions except recording)
Red Hat Enterprise Linux WS version 3
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 9
Windows Windows 2000 and further.
Hardware 500MHz Intel® Pentium® III
Minimum: 256MB
500MB installation directory per product
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Products Comparison
product Range of
supported
application
Recommended
for technical
users
Recommended
for non-
technical users
Life cycle tool
integration
IBM
Rational
Functional
Tester
Mercury
QuickTest
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Automatic testing
Rational XDE
Tester
Part2
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White Box testing
Also: glass box, structural, clear box and open
box testing.
Tests
the source code
the implementation logic.
Requires knowledge
to select the test data
to examine outputs.
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White Box testing
Advantages:
Wise input can help in testing the application effectively.
Helps in optimizing the code.
Helps in removing the extra lines of code.
Disadvantages:
Requires a skilled tester.
Cannot look into every bit of code to find out hidden errors.
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Unit testing
Type of testing where a developer proves that a
code module meets its requirements.
Most ‘micro’ scale testing.
Contrast with “system test”.
Typically done by the programmer.
Usually associated with structural test design.
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Benefits
Facilitates change
Simplifies integration
Documentation
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Limitations
Will not catch every error in the program
Can only show the presence of errors
Responsibility of the developer
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Techniques & Applications
Often conducted in an automated environment.
The unit is executed outside of its natural environment.
Building block to Test Driven Development (TDD).
xUnit.
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Automatic testing
Testing which is performed, to a greater or
lesser extent, by a computer.
Motivation:
Increasing demands from testers.
Regression tests.
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Automatic testing In the abstract, software testing involves:
devising a test case
running the program with the test case
checking the performance of the software.
Partial test automation.
Depending on
program’s output
complex
straightforward
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The principle
A program runs the application with proper input and checks its output against the expected.
Once the test suite is written, no human intervention is needed.
Test suites help:
before a new version is released.
software internally different for environments,
but with the same external behavior.
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What's a 'test plan'?
A document that describes all of a software testing effort.
Useful way to think through the efforts needed to validate a product.
Help people outside understand the 'why’ & 'how’.
Thorough, but not too much!
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Test plan template, IEEE 829 format
Test Plan Identifier
References
Test Items
Approach
Item Pass/Fail Criteria
Responsibilities
Schedule
Approvals …
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What's a 'test case'?
A set of conditions under which a tester will determine if a requirement upon an application is partially or fully satisfied. Known input
Expected output
At least one per requirement.
Help finding problems in the application design.
Usually collected into Test Suites.
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No Action Expected result
1 Open application The GUI is open. There are 10
buttons with number from 0 to
9. There are 5 operation buttons
(+, -, *, /, =) and a clear button.
There is also a text field with a
zero number (0).
2 Press clear The text field contains zero.
3 Press number button 0 The text field shows the value 0.
4 Repeat actions 2,3 for all numbers
between 0 to 9
The same as above.
5 Press Clear The text field shows 0
6 Press button number 4 The value 4 appears.
7 Press the operator button + None
8 Press button number 8 The value 8 appears.
9 Press button = The value 12 should appear
10 … all operations
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GUI automation tools
Record/playback: The user records a set of
actions on the GUI under test, and the tool is able
to replay those actions later.
Programmatic: The user writes code describing
the interaction with the GUI under test.
Also: ‘data-driven’ or ‘keyword-driven’.
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Record/Playback
Advantages:
Simplistic
Disadvantages:
Fragile
How do you properly determine delay factors
between events being synthesized?
Often have to re-record tests
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Programmatic
Advantages:
Can adjust to changes in GUI
Can determine when to send the next event
more correctly
The tester has tons of flexibility available
Disadvantages:
The test developer has to be a programmer
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Automatic testing - yes or no?
Pros
Eliminate repetition
Reduce error
Quicker results
Cons
Effort needed for automation
Number of releases expected for testing
Maturity of the product
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Rational
Functional Tester
installation
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Rational
Functional Tester
Example for unskilled programmers ;)