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Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 3

INDUS VALLEY, HISTORY OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION .................................................................................... 3

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF INDUS BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEM ................................................................ 4

FACTS AND FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................... 4

SURFACE WATER RESOURCES ....................................................................................................................... 5

GROUND WATER RESOURCES ....................................................................................................................... 7

RIVER INDUS AND ITS TRIBUTARIES .............................................................................................................. 8

HISTORY OF CONSTRUCTION OF BARRAGES ................................................................................................ 8

CHASHMA BARRAGE ................................................................................................................................. 9

GUDDU BARRAGE ..................................................................................................................................... 9

JINNAH BARRAGE .................................................................................................................................... 10

KOTRI BARRAGE ...................................................................................................................................... 11

SUKKUR BARRAGE ................................................................................................................................... 12

TAUNSA BARRAGE .................................................................................................................................. 12

GHAZI BROTHA BARRAGE ....................................................................................................................... 14

BALLOKI BARRAGE .................................................................................................................................. 14SIDHNAI BARRAGE .................................................................................................................................. 14

RASOOL BARRAGE ................................................................................................................................... 15

SULEMANKI BARRAGE ............................................................................................................................. 15

ISLAM BARRAGE ...................................................................................................................................... 16

MAILSI SIPHON ........................................................................................................................................ 16

MARALLA HEAD WORKS ......................................................................................................................... 17

KHANKI HEAD WORKS ............................................................................................................................. 17

QADIRABAD BARRAGE ............................................................................................................................ 18

TRIMMU BARRAGE ................................................................................................................................. 18

PUNJNAD BARRAGE ................................................................................................................................ 19

Salient Features of off-taking Canals from the Barrages of Pakistan ......................................................... 20

LINK CANALS IN PAKSITAN .......................................................................................................................... 23


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RIVERS IN PAKISTAN AND BARRAGES/HEADWORKS .................................................................................. 23

SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................... 23

REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 25


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INTRODUCTION

The Indus basin is a part of the catchments of the Indus river system that includes the northwestmountains, the Katchi plain, desert areas of Sindh, Bahawalpur, and the Rann of Kachh. TheIndus and its major tributaries flow in longitudinal valleys in structural troughs paralleled to the

mountain. These plains are stretched over a distance of 1528 Kilometers (950 miles) to the tidaldelta near the Arabian Sea. The total catchment area of Indus River system spreads over 944,573square kilometers (364,700 square miles). Of which 553,416 square kilometers (213,674 squaremiles) exist in Pakistan with a varying width of over 320 kilometers (nearly 200 miles) in thePunjab to about 80 kilometers (50 miles) in the narrow neck between the Thar Desert and theKhirthar mountains. The flat plain of Indus basin is made up of highly fertile alluvium depositedby the river Indus and its tributaries. Agriculture is concentrated essentially to this plain, where ithas been developed by harnessing principal surface water resources available. Since, evaporationis high with meager and unreliable rainfall over Indus plains, hence, agriculture is whollydependent on irrigation supplies. The river Indus and its tributaries are like a funnel, they rise inthe northern mountain areas, receive water from various resources (snow, glacier melt, and

rainfall), converge into a single stream at Panjnad (Mithankot), cover about 1005 Kilometers(625 miles) through the Sindh province, and finally discharge into Arabian sea.

INDUS VALLEY, HISTORY OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION

It is believed that the ancient people of the valley of Indus were outstanding in the field ofagriculture and industry as compared to the civilization of contemporary period in Egypt andMesopotamia. They were the first sedentary farmers of the world. The richness and wealth of theIndus valley was the greed of the foreigners. The valley of Indus has always been the cherishedgoal of the invaders and conquerors that followed one after another from the northwestern passes

through the mountain ranges. The Aryans, the Iranians, the Graeco-Bactrians, the Parthenians,the Kushans, the white Huns, Muslims emperors, and Britishers plundered the rich valley of theIndus from time to time and ruled over the valley and northern India. Entire history of Indusvalley reveals that one invader or another has treaded the present Pakistan. The Muslims of thesub-continent first tried to shake off a century old rule of British in 1857 and finally succeeded todrive them away in 1947, and the great valley Indus became part of Pakistan. Pakistan liesbetween latitudes 24 degree and 37 degree North and longitudes 61 degree to 76 degree East. Itssurroundings include Iran on the west, Afghanistan on the northwest, Gilgit Agency, AzadKashmir and disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir lie on the northeast, India on the east andthe Arabian Sea exists on its south.


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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF INDUS BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEM

The Almighty Allah has gifted Pakistan with abundant water resources with water flowing downthe Himalayas and Karrakurram heights from the world's largest glaciers, a free and uniquebounty of nature for this land of alluvial plains. As a result of this natural resource, today we

have the world's marvelous and the largest contiguous irrigation system that currently irrigatesover 16 million hectares of land, out of 34 million hectares of cultivable lands available. Thisland lies within the plains formed by river Indus and its tributaries. Britishers started the barrageirrigation system during 1930s. However, before that the residents of Punjab, Sindh, and Frontierhad constructed a number of inundation canals to irrigate their lands. In the Punjab, 38 suchcanals had been taken out of Sutlej, Indus, and Chenab rivers to irrigate areas around Bari Doab,Multan, Muzaffargarh, and Dera Ghazi Khan. In Sindh, water level of the Indus during summerhad always been higher than the surrounding lands, thus, 16 inundation canals in this area hadconveniently carried out the irrigation water during past century. However, British ArmyEngineers undertook construction and improvement of several irrigation canals in the sub-continent. Subsequently, remodeling/construction works on Bari Doab Canal; Sidhnai Canal,

Lower Sohag, Ramnagar Canal, Lower Jhelum Canal, Kabul Canal, and Lower Sawat werecompleted by the end of l9th century. However, at the time of independence country had 29canals to provide regulated supply to an area of about 11 million hectares, beside an area ofabout 3.2 million hectares irrigated through inundation canals leading from Indus and itstributaries. These main inundation canals included Upper Sutlej, Lower Sutlej, Shahpur, andChenab in Punjab; whereas, Rohri, Fuleli, Pinyari, and Kalri in Sindh. However, after theconstruction of barrages these canals are no more inundation canals but get regulated watersupply and some of them have become perennial while few are nonperennial.

FACTS AND FIGURES

We have entered into 21st century with world's largest and unified irrigation system that consistsof

three major reservoirs (Chashma, Mangla, and Tarbela); 18 barrages (Ferozepur, Sulemanki, Islam, Balloki, Marala, Trimmu, Panjnad, Kalabagh,

Sukkur, Kotri, Taunsa, Guddu, Chashma, Mailsi, Sidhnai, Rasul, Qadirabad, andMarala);

12 link canals; 45 irrigation canals; over 107,000 water courses and millions of farm channels & field ditches. The total length of main canal system is estimated about 585000 Kilometer (36932 miles)

and that of watercourses & field channels exceeds 1.62 million Kilometers (over 1.02million miles).


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SURFACE WATER RESOURCES

Irrigated agriculture was, still is, and will remain in future the backbone of Pakistan's economy.Nature has blessed Pakistan with abundant surface and subsurface water resources. Theseresources had been utilized for agricultural, domestic, and industrial purposes in the past and will

continue to be explored in future. The river Indus and its tributaries provide the surface water. Atthe time of independence, we had about 67 MAF water available for diversion, this amountincreased to about 85 MAF by the year 1960. At this juncture, the right of three eastern rivers(Beas, Sutlej, and Ravi) was given to India under Irrigation Water Treaty 1960, during thisperiod, Indus Basin Project (IBP) was implemented with international assistance of the WoldBank. IBP enabled Pakistan to acquire significant capability of river flow regulation throughintegrated system. By the dint of river regulation-cum-storage facilities of IBP and otherirrigation developments on the river Indus, canal diversions progressively increased and peakedto about 108 MAF. The recent statistical data shows that the River Indus and its tributariesprovide about 147 MAF during flood season. Out of which nearly 106 MAF is diverted intocanals and is available for agriculture, while, about 32 MAF outflows into sea, whereas, over 8.6

MAF is considered as evaporation and seepage losses in the river system. It is worth mentionhere that during last 3-5 years hardly 2-5 MAF water has flown into sea, whereas, at least 12MAF must be left to sea in order to control intrusion of brackish water.


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GROUND WATER RESOURCES

The Indus plains constitute about 34 million hectares (over 85 million acres) of cultivable land.Annual recharge to ground water system of this Indus plain is estimated around 55 MAF, out ofwhich about 48 MAF is within the commands of Indus basin irrigation system (IBIS). Presently,

39 MAF is being extracted annually. Ground water is also found in some rain-fed (Barani) lands,and inter-mountain valleys at depths varying from 100 to 200 ft. During 1950s, large area in theIndus basin became waterlogged and soil salinity increased adversely affecting the agriculturalproductivity. It was the time when government got involved and took initiatives in the groundwater development. The efforts began to control the twin menaces of waterlogging and salinityby the way of providing drainage facilities. Government embarked on a series of SCARPs in thelate 1950s aimed at lowering the ground water table by providing "vertical drainage" throughlarge capacity deep tube wells. Because of better economic returns, priority was given to locatingSCARPs in the areas with ground water quality suitable for supplemental irrigation, making thedrainage a by product in effect. During past four decades, about 15000 SCARP tube wells havebeen installed by the Government in 57 projects covering a gross area of about 7.7 million

hectares affected land for putting it back into production. Almost 75% of all SCARP tube wellswere installed in the Punjab. About 81% of total tube wells installed in Punjab province arelocated in fresh ground water areas, whereas, remaining 19% tube wells have been installed insaline ground water areas. The tube wells installed in the fresh ground water areas have beenpumping water directly into watercourses; thus, they are being used for irrigation in addition tocanal water. However, the tube wells installed in the areas with saline ground water, dischargesaline water directly into drains, from where it is being disposed of.

Table. Scenario of water resources of the country

Surface water resources Annualwater flow

MAF

Water available at canal head (1947) 67

Water available at canal head (1960) 85

Rim station flow (1997) 147

Water diverted to canals (1997) 106

Water flow to the sea (1997) 32

Losses in the river system 8.6

Recharge to groundwater 55

Recharge to groundwater within canalcommand

48

Groundwater pumping 39


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RIVER INDUS AND ITS TRIBUTARIES

1. IndusTarbela dam, Warsak dam (on the Kabul river near the Indus), Kalabagh barrage(also named as Jinnah barrage) at Kalabagh, Chashma reservoir, Tausa barrage, Gudu barrage,Sukkur barrage, Kotri barrage.

2. Jhelum

Mangla dam, Rasul barrage, Punjnad headworks.3. ChenabMarala headworks, Khanki headworks, Qadirabad barrage.4. RaviBalloki barrage, Sidnai barrage.

5. SutlejSulemanki barrage, Islam barrage.

HISTORY OF CONSTRUCTION OF BARRAGES

Pakistan takes pride in its achievements in the construction of several barrages. Historically,Pakistan has been designing and constructing weirs and barrages, which has led to the state-of-the-art present-day knowledge. Even before the creation of the country, the areas now included

in Pakistan were under-going developments to build some gigantic and remarkable engineeringworks. In 1871, the weir across River Ravi was built at the head of Bari Doab canal in Punjab.The building of Khanki headworks was undertaken in 1890-92. The headworks of Rasul onJhelum River were built in 1901. Between the period 1900-1950, the following were constructed:Marala weir on River Chenab, Balloki headworks on River Ravi and Ferozpur, Sulemanki, Islamand Panjnad on River Sutlej, Trimmu on River Jhelum and Sukkur and Kalabagh on River Indus.Between 1950-52, three barrages were constructed on the Indus River at Kotri, Taunsa andGuddu. Later, as part of the Indus Water Treaty, the following barrages were constructedbetween 1962-75: Sidhanai on Ravi, Rasul on Jhelum, Qadirabad and Marala on Chenab andChashma on Indus.


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CHASHMA BARRAGE

Chashma Barrage was constructed in 1971 on the River Indus near the village of Chashma, about35 miles downstream of Jinnah Barrage. It was constructed to divert the water released fromTarbela into River Jhelum through the Chashma-Jhelum Link Canal, which has a capacity of

21,700 cusecs. The barrage was also designed to feed the Paharpur canal that is located on theright side.

The river valley at Chashma is 6.5 miles wide. The barrage is 3,536 feet long with 3,120 feet of

clear waterway and with a maximum design discharge of 1.1 million cusecs. The total designed

withdrawal for canals is 26,700 cusecs. The maximum flood level height of Chashma Barrage is

37 feet. The barrage has 52 bays, each 60 feet wide. The length of the left and right guide bank is

4,302 ft. Chashma Jhelum link canal & Chashma reservoir bank canal off take form Chashma

barrage.

Year of Completion Between 1967-1971

LocationRiver Indus, 25 km south-

west of Punjab

Design Discharge 11,76,000 cusecs

Length 3,356 ft

No. of Bays 52

No. of Under Sluices 11

Crest Level -

Off taking Canals 2

The Chashma Right Bank Canal, a lift-cum-gravity canal, is being executed at a cost of US$ 633million. The canal is 71 miles long, with 37 miles of feeder canals and a capacity of 2,500cusecs. It would benefit an area of 261,000 acres.

GUDDU BARRAGEGuddu Barrage was constructed in 1962 on River Indus with a maximum design discharge of 1.2

million cusecs. It is a gate-controlled weir type barrage with a navigation lock. The barrage has

64 bays, each 60 feet wide. The maximum flood level height of Guddu barrage is 26 feet. It

controls irrigation supplies to 2.9 million acres of agricultural lands in the Jacobabad, Larkana

and Sukkur districts of Sindh and the Nasirabad district of Balochistan. The cost of the project

was 474.8 million rupees. It feeds Ghotki Feeder, Begari Feeder, Desert and Pat Feeder canals.


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Year of Completion 1962

LocationRiver Indus, Near

Kashmore


Length 3.840 ft

No. of Bays 64

Off taking Canals 5

The canals which originate from this barrage and their details is given here under;

1. Pat feeder

2. Desert Feeder

3. Begari Sindh Feeder

4. Ghotki canal

JINNAH BARRAGE

Jinnah Barrage was constructed in 1946 on River Indus with a maximum design discharge of950,000 cusecs. The total designed withdrawal for canals is 7,500 cusecs. The maximum floodlevel height of Jinnah Barrage is 28 feet. The barrage has 42 bays, each 60 ft. wide. The length ofthe left bank is 4,099 ft and that of the right bank is 5,487 ft. the off-taking canal from Jinnah

barrage is Thal Canal.


Location

River Indus, Kalabagh I

Mianwali District north-

west of Punjab

Design Discharge 950,000 cusecs

Length 3,360 ft

No. of Bays 42

Off taking Canals 1


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1. Thal canal:

The amount of water that it carries is 2.534 MAF. It is divided into 2 different divisions.

i. Thal canal main line lower:

It is a main canal located in Bhakkar. Its reduced distance is 502500. And length in miles is100.50. Its authorized head discharge is 4100. Its authorized tail discharge is 228.00. Its Grosscommand area is 3534.Its Cultivable command area is 2966.

ii. Thal canal main line upper:

It is a main canal located in Kalabagh. It is categorized in the zone of sarghodha. It is a perennialcanal.Its reduced distance is 157662.00. And length in miles is 31.532. Its authorized headdischarge is 9000.00. Its authorized tail discharge is 9000.00. Its Gross command area is2460861.00. Its Culturable command area is 2115931.00.

KOTRI BARRAGE

Kotri Barrage was constructed in 1955 on River Indus with a maximum design discharge of875,000 cusecs. The barrage has 44 bays, each 60 feet wide. The length of the left and rightguide bank is 6,000 ft. The maximum flood level height of Kotri barrage is 43.1 feet. KotriBarrage was constructed to irrigate Fulleli, Pinyari and Kolari canals through lined channels andenhance agriculture in the lower Sindh region.

The need to release some amount of water below Kotri Barrage, which is the last diversion point

on the Indus River System, has been recognized by most experts. The purpose is to provide the

sailaba (flood) Irrigation in an area of approximately 120, 000 hectares and keep the 280-kilometer Indus River Reach from the Kotri Barrage to the Arabian Sea, alive. Furthermore, any

amount of water released below Kotri would help in checking seawater intrusion.


LocationSouth-west of Karachi near

Hyderabad


Length 3000 ft

No. of Bays 44

Crest Level 48 S.P.D

Off taking Canals 4


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1. Kotri Baghar feeder

2. Phuleli

3. Pinjari

4. Akram Wah5. S.M.B.L (Sidhnai Mailsi Bahawal Link) Canal

SUKKUR BARRAGE

Sukkur Barrage was constructed in 1932 on River Indus. It is among the few large barrages inthe world, and has a maximum design discharge of 1.5 million cusecs. The total designedwithdrawal for canals is 47,530 cusecs. The barrage has 54 bays, each 60 feet wide. Themaximum flood level height of Sukkur barrage is 30 feet.


LocationRiver Indus, Near Sukkur

City


Length 4,490 ft

No. of Bays 54


Crest Level 177

Off taking Canals 7

TAUNSA BARRAGE

Taunsa Barrage was constructed in 1958 on River Indus, 18- miles downstream of Chashma

Barrage in district Muzaffargarh. The barrage has a maximum design discharge of 750,000

cusecs. The total designed withdrawal for canals is 36,501 cusecs. The maximum flood level

height of Taunsa Barrage is 26 feet. The barrage has 53 bays, each 60 feet wide. The Taunsa-

Panjnad Link has been made to supply water to the Panjnad Headworks. It also feeds the DG

Khan and Muzaffargarh canals. The length of the left and right guide bank is 8,327 ft. The gates,

60 x 22.5 feet in size, are manually operated.


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LocationRiver Indus, 20 km south-

east of Taunsa City


Length 4,436 ft

No. of Bays 53


Crest Level -

Off taking Canals 4


1. D.G. Khan Canal

It is a main canal located in D.G Khan . It is categorized in the zone of D.G KHAN. It is a

non-perennial canal. Its reduced distance is 345230.00. And length in miles is 69.046. Its

authorized head discharge is 8900.00. Its authorized tail discharge is 5514.00 Its Gross

command area is 947874.00. Its Cultivable command area is 901981.00.

2. Muzaffargarah CanalIt is a main canal located in D.G KHAN. It is categorized in the zone of D.G KHAN. It is a

non-perennial canal. Its reduced distance is 370700.00. And length in miles is 74.14. Its

authorized head discharge is 8901.00. Its authorized tail discharge is 2776.00 Its Gross

command area is 906490.00. Its Cultivable command area is 838380.00. Its tail authorized

tail gauge is 9.40.

3. Taunsa Panjnad Link Canal

It is a main canal located in D.G KHAN. It is categorized in the zone of D.G KHAN. It is a

non-perennial canal.Its reduced distance is 191000.00. And length in miles is 38.20.Itsauthorized head discharge is 12000.00.Its authorized tail discharge is 12000.00Its Grosscommand area is 2150000.00.Its Cultivable command area is 20000000.00.


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GHAZI BROTHA BARRAGE


Location River Indus


Length 170,560 ft

Off taking Canals 1

BALLOKI BARRAGE


Location River Ravi


Length 1,644 ft

No. of Bays 35

No. of Under Sluices -


Off taking Canals 2

SIDHNAI BARRAGE


Location River Ravi



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Length 712 ft

No. of Bays 15



Off taking Canals 2

RASOOL BARRAGE


LocationRiver Jhelum, 72 km from

Mangla Dam


Length 3,209 ft

No. of Bays 42


Crest Level 703S.P.D

Off taking Canals 2

SULEMANKI BARRAGE


Location River Sutlej


Length 2,220 ft

No. of Bays 24


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Off taking Canals 3

ISLAM BARRAGE


Location River Chenab


Length 1,650 ft

No. of Bays 29


Crest Level 435.5 S.P.D

Off taking Canals 2

MAILSI SIPHON


Location River Sutlej, Near Mailsi


Length 1,601 ft

No. of Bays 24




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MARALLA HEAD WORKS


Location River Chenab, Near SialkotCity


Length 4,472 ft

No. of Bays 66



Off taking Canals 2

KHANKI HEAD WORKS

Head Khanki or the Khanki Headwork is the oldest head work ofPakistan. It is present atriverChenab in Gujrat District. It is used to control water flow and flood flow in riverChenab.Another use is to provide water to tributaries Such as Lower Chenab. It was built in 1889.Canal Lower Chenab originates from Head Khanki.It provides water to three million acres

(12,000 km) of agricultural lands by one main distributry, Lower Chenab and 59 minordistrtributeries.


LocationRiver Chenab, Gujrat

District


Length 4,000 ft

No. of Bays 48


Crest Level 726.5-727 S.P.D

Off taking Canals 1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujrat_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Chenabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1889http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Chenabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Chenabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Chenabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Chenabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1889http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Chenabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujrat_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan


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QADIRABAD BARRAGE


Location River Chenab, Phalia Tehsilof Mandi Bahaudin


Length 3,373 ft

No. of Bays 50



Off taking Canals 1

TRIMMU BARRAGE


Location

25 km from Jhang city on

the Confluence of river Raviand Chenab


Length 2,856 ft

No. of Bays 47

No. of Under SluicesLeft Portion :5

Right portion: 6

Crest Level

Main Weir: 477..5

Under Sluice: 472.0 S.P.D

Off taking Canals 3


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PUNJNAD BARRAGE


Location River Chenab


Length 2,856 ft

No. of Bays 47



Off taking Canals 2


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Salient Features of off-taking Canals from the Barrages of Pakistan

Sr.

#

Barrage

NamesRiver

Year of

Completion

of Barrage

Area

Irrigated

in Km2

CanalsYear of

Completion

Discharge

at Head

(cusecs)

Above Rim Station

1 Amandra Swat 1915 1,557 Upper Swat Canal 1915 96

2 Munda Swat 1885 /1917 Lower Swat Canal 1885 55

3 Warsak Kabul1890 / Warsak Canal (L&R) 1962 14

1962 Kabul River Canal 1890 13

Below Rim Station

4 Jinnah Indus 1947 26,900 Thal Canal 1949 311

5 Chashma Indus 1971 28,317Chashma Jhelum

Link 1970614

CRBC/Peharpur 142

6 Taunsa Indus 1959 21,237

Taunsa Punjnad Link 1970 340

Muzaffargarh Canal 1959 235

D.G. Khan Canal 1959 249

7 Guddu Indus 1962 25,485

Ghotki Feeder 1962 241

Desert Pat Feeder 1962 365

Pat Feeder Canal 1962 235

Begari Feeder 1962 439

8 Sukkur Indus 1932 42,475

Nara Canal 1932 379

Khairpur East Canal 1932 76

Rohri Canal 1932 317

Khairpur West Canal 1932 54

North West Canal 1932 144

Rice Canal 1932 289

9 Kotri Indus 1954 25,485

Akram Wah LinkCanal

1955 116

Fuleli Canal 1955 391

Pinyari Canal 1955 408

Kalri Canal 1955 255

10 Rasul Jhelum 1967 24,069

Rasul- QadirabadLink

1967 538

Lower Jhelum Canal 1901 150

LJC Feeder 154


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Rasul Power Canal 101

11 Marala Chenab 1968 31,148Marala Ravi Link 1956 623

Upper Chenab Canal 1912 467

12 Khanki Chenab 1892 29,732 Lower Chenab Canal 1892 326

13 Qadirabad Chenab 1967 25,485Qadirabad

Balloki

Link and LCCFeeder

1967 527

14 Trimmu Chenab 1939 18,406

Trimmu SidhnaiLink

1965 311

Haveli Canal 1939 183

Rangpur Canal 1939 77

15 Balloki Ravi 1965 63,712

Balloki SulemankiLink

1954 524

Lower Bari Doab

Canal

1913 198

16 Sidhnai Ravi 1965 4,709

Sidhnai Mailsi Link 1965 286

Mailsi Bahawal Link 1965 110

Sidhnai Canal 1886 127

17 Sulemanki Sutlej 1928 9,911

Eastern SadiqiaCanal

1927 139

Fodwah Canal 1927 95

Upper PakpattanCanal

1927 169

18 Islam Sutlej 1928 10,987

U & L Bahawal

Canal 1927 132Qaim Canal 1927 213

19 Punjnad Chenab 1932Punjnad Canal 1335 231

Abbasia Canal 1338 65

20Ghazi

BarrageIndus 2002

Ghazi BarothaPower Channel

2002 132

.


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LINK CANALS IN PAKSITAN

i. Chashma-Jhelum Link -Indus-Jhelumii. Taunsa-Punjnad Link -Indus-Chenab

iii. Rasul-Qadirabad Link -Jhelum-Chenabiv. Marala-Ravi Link - Chenab-Raviv. Bambanwala-Ravi-Bedian Link - Chenab-Ravi-Sutlej

vi. Upper Chenab-Balloki Link - Chenab-Ravivii. Qadirabad-Balloki Link - Chenab-Ravi

viii. Trimmu-Sidhnai Link - Chenab-Raviix. Balloki-Sulaimanke Link -Ravi-Sutlejx. Sidhnai-Mailsi Link -Ravi-Sutlej

RIVERS IN PAKISTAN AND BARRAGES/HEADWORKS

i. Indus: Chashma, Taunsa, Guddu, Sukkur, Kotriii. Jhelum: Rasul

iii. Chenab: Marala, Khanki, Qadirabad, Trimmuiv. Ravi: Balloki, Sidhnaiv. Sutlej: Sulaimanke, Islam, Punjnad

SUMMARY

1. IndusTarbela dam, Warsak dam (on the Kabul river near the Indus), Kalabaghbarrage (also named as Jinnah barrage) at Kalabagh, Chashma reservoir, Tausa barrage,

Gudu barrage, Sukkur barrage, Kotri barrage.

2. JhelumMangla dam, Rasul barrage, Punjnad headworks.

3. ChenabMarala headworks, Khanki headworks, Qadirabad barrage.

4. Ravi

Balloki barrage, Sidnai barrage.

5. SutlejSulemanki barrage, Islam barrage

2. The natural geo-agricultural pattern has made in such a way that the Chenab meets theJhelum near Trimmu, the Ravi meets the Jhelum downwards, and the Sutlej meets the

Jhelum at Pujnand, and still down, the combination of these rivers meets the Indus at


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Mithankot. Then the Indus flows down into Sindh. There are three barrages in Sindh

while all other waterworks are upcountry.

Another fact is that in Punjab all rivers and waterworks are interconnected by channels

and links as under:

1. C-J link (Chashma-Jhelum link) connects the Indus at Chashma with the Jhelum

above Trimmu.

2. U-J-C link (upper Jhelum Chenab Link) connects the Jhelum from Mangla to the

Chenab above Khanki headworks.

3. R-Q link (Rasul-Qadirabad link) connects the Jhelum at Rasul with the Chenab at the

Qadirabad barrage.

4. M-R link (Marala-Ravi link) connects the Chenab at Marala with the Ravi at

Shahdara).

5. Q-B link (Qadirabad-Balloki link) connects the Chenab at Qadirabad with the Ravi at

Balloki.

6. T-S link (Trimmu-Sidnai link) connects the Jhelum at Trimmu with the Ravi at

Sidnai.

7. S-M link (Sidnai-Malsi link) connects the Ravi at Sidnai with Malsi that passesthrough the Sutlej.

8. The BRBD link is about a 100-mile-long channel from a branch of Marala across the

Ravi towards the Sutlej.

9. B-S I & II (Balloki-Sulemanki) are two links which connect the Ravi at Balloki with

the Sutlej at Sulemanki.


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REFERENCES

www.google.com www.answers.com http://irrigation.gov.pk www.yahoo.com www.authorstream.com http://www.wapda.gov.pk http://www.sindh.gov.pk http://www.britannica.com

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http://www.google.com/http://www.answers.com/http://irrigation.gov.pk/http://www.yahoo.com/http://www.authorstream.com/http://www.wapda.gov.pk/http://www.sindh.gov.pk/http://www.sindh.gov.pk/http://www.wapda.gov.pk/http://www.authorstream.com/http://www.yahoo.com/http://irrigation.gov.pk/http://www.answers.com/http://www.google.com/

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