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Project reportOn
Evaluation of farming system socio-economic status ofvillegers of g.p. dagarwaha, blockbabina, Jhansi (u.p)
SUBMITTED TOBABASAHEB BHIMRAO AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY
(A Central University), LUCKNOWFor THE PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT
FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREEOF
MASTER OF BUSSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA)IN RURAL MANAGEMENT
(2011-2013)Under the Guidance of: Submitted by:
Dr. R.K. SINHA rajendra KUMAR gadleyroll no. 4457
DEPARTMENT OF RURAL MANAGEMENTBABASAHEB BHIMRAO AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY (A CENTRAL UNIVERSITY)
Vidya Vihar, Rae Bareli Road Lucknow-226 025(U.P)
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BABASAHEB BHIMRAO AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY
(A CENTRAL, UNIVERSITY)
VIDYA VIHAR, RAEBARELI ROAD, LUCKNOW-226 025
Letter No.
Date.
Dr. R.K.SinhaDepartment of Rural Management
Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University(A Central University), Lucknow.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. Rajendra Kumar Gadley has completed his projectwork under my supervision and guidance. The title of his project is
Evaluation of farming system&Socio-Economic Status of Villagers ofG.P.Dagarwaha Block Babina, Jhansi.
This project is his original piece of work and has not been submitted earlier
to any of the universities or institutes.
I wish him all the best for his future Endeavour.
(Dr. R.K. Sinha)
Supervisor
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTI feel indeed privileged to work under the talented & inspiring guidance, valuable
suggestion, untiring supervision, conspicuous ability, unending zeal and constructive
criticism of my supervisorDr. Solanki of Department of agriculture jhansi,(U.P).
I feel indeed privileged to work under the talented & inspiring guidance, valuable
suggestion, untiring supervision, conspicuous ability, unending zeal and constructive
criticism of my Head of Department of Rural Management Dr. M. S. Khan, under the
school of management studies, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University,
Lucknow (U.P)
I also wish to convey my thanks to all staff members Of Agriculture department of
Jhansi(U.P) for their painstaking efforts, selfless devotion, moral support & lending me
helping hand throughout the course of study and preparation of this manuscript.
I have no words to express about the help, affection and moral support of my Parents,
Mr. Naresh kumar gadley & Mrs. Savitri Devi gadley or their indispensable
encouragement, selfless sacrifice, sustained inspiration & invaluable assistancethroughout my life.
At least but not least, I beg the god to give me indomitable energy with which I can
work for those poor people and peasants who strive lord get food, clothing and housing
Date Name:
Place: Rajendra ku. Gadley
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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYThe purpose of this report is to literally act as a window to the project
undertaken as a part of the summer internship with the baba sahib bhim
rao ambedkar university. Dept of rural management, Lucknow that aims to
define the breadth depth and scope of the various thinking process and
mechanic that actually synthesis the projects undertaken in evaluation of
farming system of socio economic status of villagers of gram panchayat
dagarwaha block babina, Jhansi
The objective of project that have been assigned as a part of internship is:
:-
1) Analysis based on farming theme.
2) Agro ecological situation of villagers.
3) Social economic situation of villagers.
4) Which farming system they have adopted.
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Executive summary
Uttar Pradesh is the largest state of the country in terms of population and
second largest in area in the country. The reporting area of the state is 24.2
million ha, out of which cultivated area is 16.68 million ha. The gross
cropped .Area is 25.5 million ha. The cropping intensity in the state is 153
percent. Small and marginal farmers dominate farming Community.
Average size of holding is only 0.83 ha per farmer. However, the average
size of holding of marginal farmers is 0.40 hectare only. The state accounts
for 11 per cent India is net sown area and contributes more than 41.1 million
tons of food grain, which is about 20 percent of the total food grain
production of the country. The state produces 38 percent of India's Wheat,
20 percent of Paddy, 21 percent of Sugarcane, 34 \percent of Groundnut,
17.5 percent of Rapeseed, 8 percent of Fruits and 16 percent of Vegetables.
Uttar Pradesh is the largest potato producer in the country, contributing 43
per cent of the total production. The state is the largest milk producing state
of the country with an annual milk production of 11.7 million kilo litters
accounting for 16 percent of total milk production of the country. Keeping in
view of vast potential, the state has major role to play in ushering in farm
sector led economic growth of the country? Despite largest contribution to
agriculture produce of the country and achieving some improvement in the
States growth rate in the Tenth Five Year Plan, it is still lagging behind the
national average and consequently, the gap in per capita income is
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increasing with the passage of time. There is tremendous scope for further
development in every sub-sector of the agriculture sector including crops,
horticulture, animal husbandry and pissi culture. The major challenges
before the State are bridging the gap in per capita income, poverty
alleviation, improvement in human development index, improving growth in
primary sector specially agriculture and animal husbandry sub sectors. The
new initiatives like Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana, National Food Security
Mission, and National Horticulture Mission are potent options for increasing
farm productivity and for putting agricultural economy on a sustained
growth path. Uttar Pradesh being the most populous state of India has a great
influence on the economic growth of the country. For achieving the desired
agriculture growth in the country, it is necessary to adopt area specific
strategies for improving the agriculture sector growth in the states like UP.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
SERIAL
NO
PARTICULAR PAGE NO
1 Acknowledgement
2 Executive summary
3 Introduction
4 Objective of study
5 State economy in relation to farming
sector
6 Annual growth during 5 year plan
7 Investment during 11th
plan
8 Plans for outlay for agriculture and
allied sector
9 Farming system
10 Targets by the end of the 11t
plan
11 Institutional credits
12 Rashtriya krishi vikas yojana(RKVY)
13 Methodology adopted for developing14 Survey and integration of base data from
panchyati raj institution ,line dept and
participatory rural appraisal (PRA)
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Follow the format as given by the department
15 Methodology for developing survey
16 Field work
17 Hosehold survey questionnaire
18 Rural and agriculture development
scheme in india
19 Refrence
20 Bibliography
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CHAPTER-01
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INTRODUCTION
The word agriculture comes from the Latin words ager referring to the soil
and culture to its cultivation. Agriculture in its widest sense can be define
as the cultivation and production of crop plants livestock produce . it is
synonymous with farming : the field or field dependent production food
,fodder and industrial organic materials. Indian economy is predominately
rural in character and is still dominated by the agriculture sector, which
accounts for nearly one-fifth of the gross domestic product (GDP) and
employs close to two-third of the labor force. Despite respectable GDP
growth rates (around 5 per cent a y ear), India has unemployment rate of
about 15 per cent. Looking into the grim situation of employment in the
country in general and agriculture sector in particular, there is urgent need to
give emphasis to generate avenues for creating more jobs in this sector.
Agriculture in India is constitutionally a state subject and central
governments role is restricted to formulating policy guidelines and
providing financial resources for the sector. Government of India has
accorded high priority to the development of agriculture for increasing the
agricultural production to sustain the food supply for the growing
population. In spite of rapid development of on-agriculture sectors, farming
continues to be critical for meeting the livelihood needs of a vast majority of
small, marginal and tribal farmers. The new technologies have not filtered
down amongst farmers to the desired extent. Although during the past ten
years lot of efforts have been made to improve agriculture sector by
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introducing different schemes, yet the outcome has not been reflected to the
desired level in the national agricultural production, productivity, income
and equity indicators. This indicates some deficiencies in the
implementation process of these programmes and therefore calls for
improvement in implementation strategy. This also calls for a coordinated
planning and prioritization to explore the maximum benefit of the
development programmes. The Rashtrya Krishi Vikas Yojna is the right kind
of approach to supplement available resources for the potential development
of specific production activities and to take upadditionalactivities best suited
to the specific agro-climatic and social conditions of different districts to
make best use of the available resources for improving the growth of
agriculture sector through overall district planning concept.
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Realization of the potential benefits of alley farming will depend on the speed
and completeness of the adoption and diffusion of the system among
potential users. Diffusion and adoption refer to two distinct processes. The
diffusion of an innovation means the total process by which an innovation
spreads out among farmers until a large number of them have adopted it.
Adoption concerns the behavior of individuals in relation to the use of
technology, more particularly their reasons for taking up use of the
technology at a point in time. Understanding and improving the prospects for
diffusion and adoption of alley farming depend upon effective socio-
economic assessment.
This unit describes the way in which the social sciences contribute to the
testing and development of alley farming. It presents the farming system as
an appropriate framework for socio-economic assessment of alley farming.
Finally, it discusses the major socio-economic issues affecting the diffusion
and adoption of the technology.
reas of Effectiveness
The particular areas in which social science can be effective are:
1. Involvement of farmers, households, and communities as
effective participants in the design, evaluation, and extension of alley
farming systems.
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2. Definition of recommendation domains based on (a) household
considerations such as need assessment, gender and age
responsibilities, household/community relationships, and (b) socio-
economic factors such as market prices of inputs, labor supply and
demand, and regional development priorities.
3. Integrated analysis of biophysical and socio-economic indicators
with respect to (a) the existing production systems and (b) the proposed
alley farming systems;
4. Identification and analysis of social constraints to wide-scale
adoption of alley farming;
5. Design of appropriate strategies for community organization and
mobilization of resources to promote the technology.
6. Determination of the socio-economic impacts of technology
innovations, and analysis of their implications for further research.
This list shows that socio-economic assessment can play a role in every stage
of an alley farming research project. Researchers should avoid the traditional
practice, in which socio-economic assessment occurs only in the first and the
final stages of technology development (Figure 6-1).
Ideally, socio-economic assessment will be carried out as part of an
multidisciplinary research effort. There could be three to five members on the
research team, including at least one social scientist. Their first joint
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assignment would be to conduct a survey at the village level. This exercise
teaches the team to work together and to understand farmers' perspectives
The Farming System
Any agroforestry technology - and alley farming is no exception - is a means
for farmers to achieve their goals and objectives. Thus, to design and evaluate
appropriate technologies, it is indispensable to understand the environment in
which farmers exist and make decisions. Farmers are part of a social milieu
which influences their behavior, aspirations, and decision-making processes.
Therefore, effective development and implementation of a new technology
require a sound understanding not only of the biological systems involved but
also of the human systems.
The appropriate unit of analysis for alley farming technology is the farming
system (Figure 6-2). A farming system comprises sub-systems of household,
agricultural production, and other on-farm and off-farm activities. Within the
household, there is the household head, whether male or female (implicitly
referred to as the farmer, the beneficiary of technology), as well as the other
members of the immediate or extended family. The household system
provides purpose and organization to the multiple activities, specifically in
decisions related to establishing priorities, allocating resources, implementing
activities, utilizing and distributing outputs, and assessing the overall
performance of the farming system. Furthermore, it is the household which
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organizes and manages all relationships of the farming system with the
external environment
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CHAPTER-02
FARMING SYSTEMS:-
Jhansiis a tribal state of India. It is located between 17046' to 2406' N and
80015' to 84
051' E. The state has diversified agroclimatic zones viz. plains,
plateau and hills. Types of natural vegetation, crops and resources available
with the tribals varied to a great extent. Similarly, size and population of
livestock inhabited in the different agroclimatic zones also varied largely.
This study was conducted in the Jhansi Plains having average rainfall of1024mm. The staple food of tribals are mainly rice, rice byproducts, corn
grains, Wheat sorghum, kodo millet and finger millet are the main feed
ingredient produced during mansoon. Oil cakes, Sunflower (Helianthus sp.)
and pulses (Lakhdi (Lathyrus sp.), Soyabean are the feed ingredients mainly
included in the ration of livestock. Rice straw, pulse straw and locally
available green grasses served as the source of roughage for livestockfeeding. Farmers did not supplement vitamins and minerals in the diet of
livestock. Animals are small sized and low producer (2 to 3 kg milk),
bullocks are used for draft purpose and dung as a source of fuel for cooking
their meals and manure to fertilize soil. The average family size is 5. Besides
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crop farming which is mainly for 4 months in a year, tribals are survived with
livestock-poultry-duck-fish or with their subsidiary occupations (basket
making, bee keeping etc.). The farming being followed by the tribals is very
unscientific and income generated through such farming is hardly sufficient
to meet out their livelihood. However, using the existing resources the
farming system can be made viable, sustainable and income generating with
great opportunities of employment potential. Since this area is dominated by
the small holding tribals, different modules have been structured to utilize
and recycle the available resources to level out their socio-economic status.
Jhansistate is mainly a mono-cropped state with rice (Oryza Sativa) being the
main crop cultivated in 3/5th
of total area during Kharif season. More than 80
per cent of the population is dependent upon agriculture for its livelihood.
Due to mono-crop cultivation, this portion of the population remained
unemployed during eight months of the year. Because of limited irrigation
facility, it makes the farmers vulnerable to drought, which threatens the
harvest of paddy.
The concept of man - land - livestock ecosystem is gaining momentum to
maximize food production and to elevate economic status of the farmers by
multifarious farm activities particularly by incorporating livestock
enterprises.
For human need, the livestock provides food, fiber, skin, traction, fertilizer
and fuel. Livestock also constitutes "living bank" providing flexible financial
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reserve in times of emergency and serve as "insurance" against crop failure
for survival.
Farmers keep cows, buffaloes, sheep and goats including small numbers ofpoultry in backyard to meet their domestic needs. Therefore, livestock
became an integral part of farming system as such. Other agricultural
components like horticulture, plantation, vegetables, sericulture, agro-forestry
are also prevalent in the homesteads. These units are operated either alone or
in combination depending upon the size of the farm holdings and other
available resources.
In this system, animals are raised on agricultural waste. The animal power is
used for agricultural operation and the dung is used as manure and fuel. It
may be possible to reach the some level of yield with proportionately less
input in the integrated farming and the yield would be inherently more
sustainable because the waste of one enterprise becomes the input of another
leaving almost no waste to pollute the environment or to degrade the resource
base. To put this concept into practice efficiently, it is necessary to study
linkage and complementary of different enterprises will help to develop
integrated farming system in which the waste of one enterprise is more
efficiently used as input to another within the system
An attempt was made to prepare a schematic model representing the various
combinations of the mixed farming system based on the present study
(Figure 2)
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Mixed farming of 2 bullocks + 1 cow + 1 buffaloes + 10 goats + 10 poultry
+ 10 ducks gave a net return of Rs 33076 compared to Rs 7843 from arable
farming.
Singh (1994) reported that 1ha canal irrigated land gave net return ranging
from Rs 14000 to Rs 32700 in different years in mixed farming with 3
crossbred cows. Where as, it was observed to be ranging from negative to Rs
19700 in mixed farming with 3 buffaloes. Comparative figures for arable
farming were between Rs 3300 and Rs 12400 (Singh 1994).
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Madhava Swamy (1985) observed that the net returns were higher by Rs
620, 5198 and 1598 in diversified farms of farming, poultry and sheep
rearing, respectively over the crop enterprise farm in Karnool district of
Andhra Pradesh. Singh (1994) compared three types of farming system and
found that the mixed farming with 3 cross bred cows gave the highest net
return of about Rs 21,000 and also generated highest mandays of
employment.
Agriculture is still considered the major sector providing employment in
India (Singh 1994). However, the small and marginal farmer families andagricultural laborers have to face employment and under employment due to
seasonal work in crop production (Swaminathan 1981) and also due to the
natural calamities occurring at one or the other seasons of the year. In this
study too, the mixed farming system suggested better means for providing
regular employment to these sections of rural mass in tribal area. The study
revealed that employment potential of mixed farming system was higher
than arable farming. In a mixed farming system of 1.5 acre land, the
employment generation was 316 mandays with almost uniform distribution
throughout the year compared to 165 mandays in arable farming with more
labour employment only during July-August period of agriculture
operations.
Ramrao et al (2005) developed a mixed farming (crop-livestock) module of
1.5 acre small scale holders with the employment generation of 571
mandays, net income of Rs. 58456 per year against crop farming alone with
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employment generation of 385 mandays and net returns of Rs. 18300 per
year only.
The conservation of ecosystem and recycling of energy and mineral matterin soil-plant-animal/human- atmosphere have been followed by Singh
(1994). The recycling of precious organic manurial wastes (energy/mineral
matter) might have been responsible for conserving ecosystem and thus
increasing the fertility of soil and keeping the environment free from
pollution hazards. In view of the pressure of population on land there is no
alternative to meet the demand for food and other agricultural raw materialsexcept through increase in agriculture- animal production per unit land per
unit time on one hand and concern of humanity regarding pollution and
environment on other.
Good amount of feed for animals was also available from the system itself.
The farmyard manure available from the animal was used for manuring of
crops and 30-35% savings in fertilizer use could be affected in mixed farming
system
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Cropping pattern
i observed that wheat, jowar, soybean and bajra other around 20 per cent the
cultivated area in the G.P. DAGARWAHA,Block-Babina District Jhansi
followed by cereals which accounted for around 60 percent of the cropped
area. While horticultural crops occupied around 10per cent of the cropped
area, pulses occupied around 10 per cent. With regard to the study G.P.
DAGARWAHA, Block-Babina District Jhansi accounted for around 60 per
cent of the area under cereals in the district. While G.P.
DAGARWAHA,Block-Babina District Jhansi accounted for around 20per
cent in respect of pulses, the share of District Jhansi in the total cropped area
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Correction is required in English, sentence formation.
Productivity of Cereal Crops, 2011-12
Productivity of Pulses in 2011-12
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Poultry
Animal Census had estimated the total poultry broilers and poultry layers in
Uttar Pradesh at 32.32 lakh and 41.09 lakh respectively. The state of UP
ranks at 8 in total egg production in the country. About 80% eggs come from
private commercial poultry farms and the rest comes from backyard poultry.
The per capital per annum production of eggs and meat in UP are estimated
at 5 eggs and 100 gm meat respectively whereas per capital consumption of
these two items in the state is estimated at 18 eggs and 300 gm meat
respectively. To meet this gap, about 40 lakh eggs and 2.20 lakh broilers are
imported from the neigh boring states. The large gap in per capita
consumption and per capita production of eggs and poultry meat indicates
that there exists a huge potential to grow in the State of Uttar Pradesh.
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Animal Husbandry
As per the livestock census of 2003 the total population of cattle, buffalo,
sheep and goat in the region was 10.18 million heads and poultry and pig
population accounted for another 1.21 million heads.
Further analysis of cattle population reveals that crossbred cattle accounts
for a negligible 0.5% as against the national average of about 15%,
indicative of low priority accorded to cross breeding programme in the
region. Only the districts of Mahoba, Jalaun Jhansi and Lalitpur in UP. By
and large, non-descript indigenous cattle of very low productivity accounts
for rest of cattle population. Buffaloes and goats are equally distributed in
the region. Goats are sold regularly in local haats after 8-9 months of age
and ensure income periodically to cope up with exigencies. Sheep
population accounts for hardly 3% of the total population. A modern plant
for processing of meat, milk and other by-products should be an urgency to
add value to the products in Jhansi.
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Dairy Development
Dairy production is an important component in the entire region with greater
focus on buffalo rearing for milk over cattle rearing. This is also
corroborated by the last two livestock census data indicating increase 105 in
buffalo population and decrease in cattle population. Cattle population in the
Jhansi is characterized by higher number of unproductive animals with only
18 % of cattle in the category of milch animals whereas 33 % of the
buffaloes are in milk indicating the preference of farmers for rearing
buffaloes for milk production if fodder and feed supply is assured. Dairy
entrepreneurship(Jhansi dairy) has been able to provide daily income and
provide security to farmers. The animal holding is dependent on size of land
holding of farmers and their economic status. However, by and large even
the landless and small farmers are also maintaining at least one cow/ buffalo
as an ensured source of income and asset. However, no concerted effort has
been made for development of dairy sector in terms of breed improvement,
establishment of a comprehensive milk collection network system, feed and
fodder production and providing effective input delivery mechanism. There
exists a considerable scope for further development of this subsistence
component of dairy sector in whole of Bundelkhand region.
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Vermi Compost Unit
Vermicomposting is a method of preparing enriched compost with the use of
Earthworms. It is one of the easiest methods to recycle agricultural wastesand to produce quality compost. Earthworms consume biomass and excrete
it in digested form called worm casts. Worm casts are popularly called as
Black gold.
Advantages
There are many advantages of Vermicomposting:
It provides efficient conversion of organic wastes/crop/animal residues.
It is a stable and enriched soil conditioner.
It helps in reducing the toxicity of heavy metals.
It is economically viable and environmentally safe nutrient supplement for
Organic food production.
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MACHINERY SUPPLIERS
Locally available
RAW MATERIAL SUPPLIERS
Locally available
Benefit
During my study I visit a Vermicompost unit in the village Ganeshgarh
and meet Mr. Veer Singh rajput(unit holder ) he know about the benifits of
Vermicomposting .it is a highly profitable venture for farmers having dairyunits. The approximate cost Rs.10/kg and benefit under different of
production in farming.
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Horticulture
Horticulture can generate employment at all stages from nursery raising,
planting, harvesting, packing and retailing. Traditionally ber, amla, karonda,
fruit, phalsa, bael and citrus growing on the private and forest lands are very
common. These species of land races should be included in the afforestation
programme of the forest department and at least 20% of the species should
be fruit yielding. However intensification and diversification to other fruit,
improved varieties, cultivars and root stock can enhance income of Jhansi.
There are many land races and sufficient variability to exploit. Bundelkhand
is also known for the cultivation of chillies, tomatoes, onion, brinjal,
potatoes and marigold flowers. There is a scope of enhancing their
productivity and marketing in farmers of jhansi.
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Rain fall Scenario 2010
Rainfall in mm Normal Actual %
June to 14th
Sept. 734.5 606.5 82.6
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
June July August September
95
280.9275.6
83
20.3
239.4233.8
113
21.3
85.284.8
136
Normal
Actual
Percent
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Assessment of Production: Kharif 2010
S
N
Crops Kharif 2009 Kharif 10
Productio
n
Productivit
y
Productio
n
Productivit
y
Lakh M.T. Qtl/ha. Lakh M.T. Qtl/ha
1 Rice 107.61 20.81 118.03 21.02
2 Maize 10.20 14.57 10.61 14.05
3 Jowar 1.90 8.88 1.84 9.58
4 Bajra 13.89 16.36 13.91 15.35
5 Millets 0.04 5.09 0.04 6.11
6 Urd 2.26 4.06 1.99 4.75
7 Moong 0.30 4.41 0.10 2.80
8 Arhar - - 2.85 8.37
Foodgrain 136.20 17.67 149.37 18.06
9 Oilsee
d
1.18 2.69 1.05 3.31
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TARGET : RABI 2010-11
CropsArea
(Lac ha.)
Production
(Lac MT.)
Area
(Lac
ha.)
Production
(Lac MT.)
Wheat 96.68 275.18 94.00 309.21
Barley 1.71 3.62 2.02 4.46
Maize 0.05 0.14 0.06 0.21
Cereals 98.44 278.94 96.08 313.88
Pulses 15.22 15.87 17.91 27.46
Food Grains 113.66 294.81 113.99 341.34
Oil Seeds 6.48 6.98 6.06 8.40
Total 120.14 301.79 120.05 349.74
12.37% Proposed increase in Wheat Production
15.78% Proposed increase in Food Grain Production
17.67% Proposed increase in Pulse coverage
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Productivity Targets of Rabi 10-11
Crops Productivity
Achieved
Targeted
Productivity
2008-09 2009-
10
2010-11
Wheat 30.02 28.46 32.89
Barley 21.88 21.17 22.00
Rabi Maize 26.25 28.00 35.00
Gram 10.13 8.24 10.77
Pea 12.07 12.82 15.86
Masur 8.83 8.04 9.83
Arhar 9.14 6.62 14.63
Rapseed/mustard 11.23 11.14 14.50
Linseed 4.50 4.29 4.68
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Seed
CropsRabi
2009-10
Rabi
2010-11
Increase
%
Rabi
2009-10
Rabi
2010-11
Wheat 3608096 4000000 10.86 37.32 43.43
Barley 60500 64000 5.79 35.38 29.77
Rabi Maize 4243 6210 46.36 35.35 51.96
Gram 152593 157500 3.22 30.86 28.00
Pea 114599 124500 8.64 45.91 30.00
Lentil 50417 51600 2.35 18.91 33.02
Rai / Sarson 20491 21000 2.48 66.85 73.68
Toria 12845 12000 -6.58 91.75 100
Linseed 2001 2800 39.93 19.42 28
Total 4025785 4439610 10.28 37.92 41.81
Raising Seed Replacement Rate from 37.92 % to 41.81% .
4.13 lakh qtl additional seeds being distributed.
Sufficient seed availability ensured.
Write the source from which you have taken the data, at the end of every
table. Also mention, as title, with reference to place etc.
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CHAPTER-03
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Research Methodology
. It is a way to systematically solve the research problem. In it we study the
various steps that are generally adopted by a researcher in studying his
research problem along with the logic behind them.
It include the research methods/techniques as well as its methodology.
Thus when we talk of research methodology we not only talk of research
methods but also consider the logic behind the methods we use in the
context of our research study and explain why we are using a particular
methods or techniques and why we are not using others. So that research
results are capable of being evaluated either by research himself or by
others.
The method of the research used here is descriptive. Descriptive research
includes surveys and fact finding enquiries of different kinds.
It is used to portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual,
situation or a group.
This research include survey and fact finding enquiries of different kind.
Basic purpose of this type of research is that it describes the Jhansi of affairs
in current scenario. It is being generally used in social science and business
research. This study is also termed as ex post facto Main characteristic of
method are that research has no control over the variables he can only report
what happening.
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Here in descriptive research we have prepared questionnaire and done
surveys of different individuals
COLLECTION OF DATA
In dealing with any real life problem, it is often found that data at hand are
inadequate and hence, it becomes necessary to collect data that are
appropriate.
The task of data collection begins after a research problem has been defined
and research design has been formulated.
There are several ways of collecting the appropriate data which differ
considerably in the context of monetary cost, time and other resources, so it
becomes necessary to collect data in a manner which is appropriate.
While deciding about the method of data collection to be used for the study,
the researcher should keep in mind two types of data viz.
Primary
Secondary
Primary data are those which are collected afresh and for the first time and
thus happen to be original in character.
The secondary data are those which have already been collected by someone
else which have already been passed through statistical process.
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Data Sources
Primary data collection involved distributors, retailers.
Research Approaches : Survey
Research Instrument : Interview
Sampling Plan
Research Design : Exploratory
Sampling Unit : Retailers
Sampling size : 100 (Size of the Universe?)
Sampling Areas : gram panchayat dagarwaha block-babina
Jhansi
Sampling Techniques : Simple Random sampling
Contact Method : Personal Interview
In interview schedule I used multiple choice question and
ranking system questions.
What was your method of sampling, also the sample size as % of the
universe.
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FORMAL INFORMATION SOURCES
These are the source of information which are authentic and reliable,
obtained though proper channel in the organization by adhering to a
systematic and structured procedure.
For example
Through company manuals, journal and other published
material like balanced sheet, annuals report etc. Questionnaire
Personal interview and mails.
Through the company person.
INFORMAL INFORMATION SOURCES
These are the sources of information which are obtained through our
interpersonal relationship with the employees of agriculture department of
Jhansi.
For example
Employees of same department.
External persons.
Primary data
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Along with the primary data obtained through use of questionnaire. I have
used secondary data from various sources like financial websites, business
magazines, newspapers, journals etc
ANALYSIS OF DATA
The data after collection has to be processed and analyzed in accordance
with the outline laid down for the purpose at the time of developing the
research plan.
Here the data I have collected through survey it needs editing, coding,
classifying and tabulation.
There are many steps involved in processing and analyses of data. These are
as follows:
1. Totaling of all the survey conducted for temporary,
permanent and staff employee separately.
2. Calculating the number of employees giving the same
answers for the question having different options available
for questions
3. Calculating the percentage of each question having
different answers provided by different employees.
4.Now prepare the pie chart for these questions for the all
questions included in survey having multiple choice
questions separately.
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DATA ANALYSIS OF AREA:RAMGARH,DEVGARH, GANESHGARH
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DATA ANALYSIS
1)House condition
S.No. Topic Percentage (%)
1 KACHA MITHI KA
MAKAN
80
2 PAKKA MAKAN 10
3 INDIRA AWAS 3
4 NO HOUSE 2
5 OTHERS 5
80%
10%
3% 2% 5%
KACHA MITHI KA MAKAN
PAKKA MAKAN
INDIRA AWAS
NO HOUSE
OTHERS
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Facilities :
S.No. Topic Percentage
1 ELECTRICITY 50
2 CYCLE 30
3 TRACTOR 20
50%
30%
20%
ELECTRICITY CYCLE TRACTOR
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2)Fuel used in cooking:
S.No. Topic Percentage (%)
1 WOODEN COAL 50
2 COOKING GAS 20
3 KEROSINE OIL 30
This table tells what? & graph is not correct. You must tell the place
from which this data is.
50%
20%
30%
WOODEN COAL COOKING GAS KEROSINE OIL
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3)Source of water:
S.No. Topic Percentage (%)
1 TUBEWELLS 30
2 HANDPUMPS 10
3 WELL (KUAN) 60
30%
10%
60%
TUBEWELLS HANDPUMPS KUAN
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4)Availability of card in family :
S.No. CARD Percentage (%)
1 BPL 20
2 APL 80
If 80% of the village is in the category of APL then I think you must review
your tables on facilities and fuels.
20%
80%
BPL CARD APL CARD
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6. Availability of card in farming family:
S.No. Topic Percentage (%)
1 NREGA CARD 10
2 KISAN CREDIT
CARD
70
3 SMART CARD 10
4 BANK ACCOUNT 10
10%
70%
10%
10%
NREGA CARD KISAN CREDIT CARD SMART CARD BANK ACCOUNT
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5)Source of income per year:
S. No. Topic Percentage (%)
1 FARMING 90
2 INCOME FROM
CATTLE
5
3 GARDENING 5
90%
5%
5%
FARMING INCOME FROM CATTLE GARDNING
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6)Number of cattle in family:
S.No. Topic Percentage (%)
1 COW 20
2 OX 5
3 BUFFALO 45
4 GOAT 30
20%
5%
45%
30%
COW OX BUFFALO GOAT
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8)Purpose of loan:
S.No. Topic Percentage (%)
1 HOUSEHOLD 5
2 FARMING
PURPOSE
70
3 HOUSE WORK 10
4 MARRIAGE
PURPOSE
15
5%
70%
10%
15%
HOUSEHOLD FARMING PURPOSE HOUSE WORK MARRIAGE PURPOSE
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9)Loan in case of Govt. Scheme :
S.No. Topic Percentage (%)
1 KCC 80
2 SMART CARD 15
3 KHADI
GRAMODYOG
5
80%
15%5%
KCC SMART CARD KHADI GRAMODYOG
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10) Availability of irrigation facility :
S.No. Topic Percentage (%)
1 WELL 80
2 RAINING WATER 5
3 DAM 5
4 RIVER 10
80%
5%
5%10%
WELL RAINING WATER DAM RIVER
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11) Types of land :
S.No. Topic Percentage (%)
1 SINCHIT 90
2 A SINCHIT 5
3 PARTI/FALLOW
LAND AREA
3
4 HORTICULTURE 2
90%
5% 3% 2%
SINCHIT A SINCHIT PARTI/FALLOW LAND AREA HORTICULTURE
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FINDINGS
Following are the findings which are given below :
70% respondents said KACHA MITHI KA MAKAN in House
condition
60% respondents said WOODEN COAL Fuel used in cooking.
60% respondents said WELL is source of water.
80% respondents said APL CARD is Availability of card in family
70% respondents said KISAN CREDIT CARD availability of card in
farming family
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SUGGESTIONS
These are follows.
The agriculture department should provide the feedback forms to get
the response of the products.
Before the launch an aggressive advertising must be carried out in order
to inform the customer about the new product.
Continuous innovation in production process and services too are
recommended to get the competitive edge. Agriculture department should disclose own financial budget.
Agriculture department can do better utilization of their resources.
Agriculture department must adopt the better pricing policy for healthy
competition with the existing competitors.
Agriculture department should provide at least one holiday in a week
for group C&D employees.
Agriculture department should be kept separate per unit budget of their
plant.
To expand the market in a rural area
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LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The research is confined to a certain parts of AGRICULTURE
DEPARTMENT, JHANSI, UTTAR PRADESH and does not
necessarily shows a pattern applicable to all of village
ramgarh,devgarh,ganeshgarh Some respondents were reluctant to
divulge personal information which can affect the validity of all
responses.
. In a rapidly changing industry, analysis on one day or in one segment
can change very quickly. The environmental changes are vital to be
considered in order to assimilate the findings.
The opinion expressed by the respondents may be biased. The attitude
of the research might be biased. Another limitation is that there is lack
of time. If more time is given then studies will be more effective.
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CONCLUSION
Recently I study in this given study that the people of rural villages of
block babina Jhansi spend more time on field working. Farmers are facing
lot of problem in farming related with cultivation. govt are providing lots
of policies but the villagers are not aware of such policies that is why they
are unable to take benefits . by evaluation and sample survey the village
should be conduct as a asset outcome. the Farmers have little source of
irrigation and the manage such problem by taking irrigation water on rent.
in my survey the I have seen that govt. has provided lots of farming land
on lease but sc peoples of these village are landless and they survive by
doing work on others land. many people of this village are illiterate or
have very little literacy level that is why many people are unable to take
benefits of govt. polices. Correct the sentence formation.
From the study it is concluded that integrated farming system with 2
bullocks + 1 cow + 1 buffaloes + 10 goats along with other subsidiaries
like poultry and duck is the most beneficial system which can augment
the income of tribals to improve their socio-economic status.
More emphasis is still required to generate a generalized model suited
to various farm size holdings in different agro climatic conditions.
Migration is very disruptive and can lead to children being removed from
their school and the family losing is easy access to health and food support
services .also the migration can be very painful as the level of housing is
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very poor and often basic sanitary facilities such as toilet are not available
to migrant in urban areas
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REFERENCES
1) www.agriculture.up.nic.in
2) Information from ministry of agriculture development
3) Ministry of agro and rural industries
4) five years plans
6)www.cabi.publishing.org
7) The Hindu agriculture magazine
8) yojana magazine
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ANNEXURE
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QUESITONNAIRE
Jhansi district
Blockbabina
Village-ganeshgarh, ramgarh, devgarh
Gram-panchyat-dagarwaha
For the field work i went to the villages of Jhansi district to make
report on household survey. I served following villages ganeshgarh,
devgarh, ramgarh competed my PRA. I visited the site village where
work is going on and I reached to one solution which made this project
stronger and meaningful.
Outcome of the field survey in the form of
1)Evaluation of the farming system
2)Joint working of the agriculture and ministry of rural development
3)Social and economical status survey used the sampling method
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GRAM PANCHAYAT DAGARWAHA VIKASKHAND BABINA
JHANSI U.P
Serial
no
population total male female child
1 Ganeshgarh 1181 309 254 618
2 Ramgarh 710 207 133 370
3 Devgarh 403 97 86 220
4 Total 2294 613 473 1208
CASTE WISE POPULATION
SERIAL
NO
VILLAGE
NAME
SC OBC GENERAL TOTAL
1 GANESHGARH 15 1163 3 1181
2 RAMGARH 130 565 15 710
3 DEVGARH 50 353 NIL 403
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CULTIVATION WISE FARMERS FAMILY DETAILS
S.No. LANDHOLDIN
G
GANES
HGARH
RAM
GARH
DEV
GAR
H
Total
1 MINOR (0-1)hac 188 130 70 388
2 SMALL(1-2)hac 100 77 22 199
3 MIDDLE(2-4)hac 20 Nil 5 25
4 LARGE above 4
hac
2 nil nil 2
SC family have neither owned land neither leasehold landform
farming in these village
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HOUSEHOLD SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE-II
Name of Gram Panchayat dagarwaha Village ganeshgarh
Name of Vikaskhand babina Tehsil Jhansi
FAMILY DETAIL:
Name Sri
kripraram
Father
name
Lt .Shri
ajuude
Caste Lodhi
Village Ganeshgarh Block Babina Tehsil Jhansi
District jhansi
S.
No.
Name sex ag
e
Relat
ion to
karta
Educti
on
sch
ool
Primar
y
occupat
ion
Handic
aped
1 Kriparam M 65 Self 3rd
pass
NO FARMI
NG
X
2 Nathuram M 30 Son B.A NO FARMI
NG
X
3 Sumitra F 63 Wife NIL NO FARMI
NG
X
4 Shima F 28 Daug
hter
in
NIL NO FARMI
NG
X
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law
5 Abhinav M 6 Neph
ew
NIL YE
S
FARMI
NG
X
6 Manoj M 28 Son B.A NO SIKSH
AMITR
A
X
7 Saroj F 27 Daug
hter
in
law
8TH
NO FARMI
NG
X
8 Abhav ku M 7 Neph
ew
1 YE
S
FARMI
NG
X
9 Prachi F 3 Nice NILL NO FARMI
NG
X
1) House condition : KACHA MITHI KA MAKAN
2) Facilities : Electricity, Cycle, Tractor
3) Fuel used in cooking : Wooden Coal, Cooking Gas
4) Source of water : Tubewells , Handpumps
5) Availablity of card in family : Bpl Card, Ration Card
6) Source of income per year : Farming ,Income From Cattle,
Gardening
7) No. of cattle in family : 2 COW, 2 OX, 3 BAOFALLO,
HEN
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8) Savings : Rs. 10000 IN BANK
9) Lendor : FROM RELATIVES,NGO,BANK
10) Interest rate of loan : 9%
11) Purpose of loan : Household & Farming Purpose,
Marriage
12) Loan in case of Govt. Scheme: KCC,SMARTCARD
13) Available land in Hectare : 3 Hectare
14) Availability of irrigation facility : Well
15) Types of land : Sinchit
Type of
land
Owned Leased Lease/freehold partnership Total
Sinchit
area
3
HECT
X 1 HECT X 4
HECT
Asinchit
area
1
HECT
X X X X
Falo
land
area
X X X X X
16) No of period available for irrigation:JULY-APRIL LAST
17) source of drinking water :WELL
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Name of crop Sowed
area
Sinchit/asinch
it
Production/he
ct.
Capit
al
KHARIF:-
MUNGFALI
3 HECT YES 30 TON 25000
RABI:-
WHEET,CHAN
A
3.5HEC
T
YES 70 TON 30000
JAYED:-
CHARA
.5
HECT
YES 20 TON 5000
18) Available farming machines :THRESSAR,WEEDER
MACHINE,ENGINE TRACTOR TROLLY
You were asked to put forward the format of the schedule/questionnaire
and not the one which you discussed.
How all this information justify your topic Evaluation of farmingsystem socio-economic status of villegers of g.p.dagarwaha, blockbabina, Jhansi (u.p)
Do something on this aspect.