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ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP
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Radiofrequency exposure in the general population:sources and exposure levels
Martin Röösli; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Insitute (Swiss TPH),University of Basel, Switzerland
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Content
� Exposure assessment approaches
� Measurement surveys
� Personal exposure studies
� From exposure to dose
� Exposure trends in the last 10 years
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
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ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP
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Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
3
RF-EMF: Two types of exposure
(near field) (far field)
mobile phone (uplink)
cordless phone
broadcast transmitter
mobile phone base station (downlink)
W-LAN
close to body environmental
Other people’s mobile and cordless phones (uplink)
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ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP
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Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
4
Radiofrequency exposure measure
• Near-field exposureSAR in W/kg: Specific absorptionrate.Regulatory limits for mobile phones: 2 W/kg
• Far-field exposureElectric field (E) in V/m (sometimes called incident field)ICNIRP regulatory limits formobile phone radiation: <61 V/m
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How to combine to one single exposure measure?
• Complex, depends on the relevant exposure metric
– Spatial average vs. Spatial peak
– Temporal average vs. Temporal peak
– Frequency dependence of absorbtion
– etc.
1. Simplified approach: measured exposure = E-field at the place of a person if the person not were there
2. A cumulative dose approach
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
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Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
6
Three approaches for environmental EMF exposure assessment
+ efficient, illustrative
- no hotspots (W-Lan), femto/nano cells
- No individual behavior
2. Modeling of fixed site transmitters
+ accurate temporal resolution
- elaborate
- Low spatial resolution
1. Stationary Measurements
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Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
7
3. Portable measurements
3b. Microenvironmental survey3a. Personal volunteer measurements
+ all sources including behavior
- data quality, manipulation
- selection bias
- No differentiation between own and other
people’s mobile phone
- body shielding
+ data quality, efficient,
+ minimized body shielding
- No individual behavior
- Private place measurements challenging
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Overview measurement survey
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
8
Rowley et al., JESEE, 2012
E-field
6 V/m
0.6 V/m
0.06 V/m
0.006 V/m
60 V/m
Dow
nlin
k
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Microenvironmental survey
• Measurements conducted between 2010 and 2012
• EME SPY 120: 12 frequency bands from 88 to 2500 MHz
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
9
Amsterdam Basel Gent and Brussels
Outdoor:• Residential
areas• Downtown
Public transports:• Trains• Bus• Tram/Metro
Indoor:• Train station• Airport• Shopping
centers
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Reproducibility of microenvironmental measurements
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
Urbinello et al., Env Int, 2014
10
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Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
11
Urbinello et al., Env Int, 2014
Exposure vs. Regulatory limits
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Summary of 51 outdoor microenvironments in CH (+ public transport)conducted in 2014
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
12
Sagar et al., under review
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Pilot measurements in South Africa from May 2016
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
13
See poster of Sagar et al.
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ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP
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Overview personal measurements
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
14
Gajsek et al. JESEE, 2015
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ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP
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ZüMe: Population based personal radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure measurements in Zurich
� Random population sample from 12 communities from canton of Zürich (Switzerland) with various degrees of ubanity
� 42 pairs of one parent and adolescent (12-15 years) and 30 young adults(18-30 years)
� Measurements conducted: 21 Feb. – 2. Nov. 2015
� Measurement device ExpoM-RF: 14 frequency bands between 88 MHz –2690 MHz
� Electronic diary app, GPS recorded by Expom-RF
� Full report (in German): Röösli et al., 2016: http://www.awel.zh.ch/content/dam/baudirektion/awel/luft_asbest_elektrosmog/elektrosmog/dokumente/PersMeas_AWEL_2016.pdf
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
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Average source contributions (mean=0.18 V/m)
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
16
Uplink Downlink Broadcast DECT WLAN
Röösli et al, 2016
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Comparison of the 3 study groups
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
17
Parents (n = 42)
Adolescents (n = 43)
YoungAdults
(n = 30)
0.16 V/m
0.16 V/m
0.22 V/m
Parents (n = 42)
Adolescents (n = 43)
YoungAdults
(n = 30)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Power flux density [µW/m²]
0 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.27
Electric field [V/m]
Uplink Downlink Broadcast DECT WLAN
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RF-EMF per activity
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
18
Others
(409 h, n = 91)
Car (190 h, n = 69)
Bus (43 h, n = 34)
Tram
(28 h, n = 30)
Train (75 h, n = 44)
Outdoor (387 h, n = 109)
Work place (561 h, n = 46)
School
(465 h, n = 49)
At home (5089 h, n = 115)
0.32 V/m
0.29 V/m
0.39 V/m
0.33 V/m
0.55 V/m
0.30 V/m
0.22 V/m
0.15 V/m
0.11 V/m
Others
(409 h, n = 91)
Car (190 h, n = 69)
Bus (43 h, n = 34)
Tram
(28 h, n = 30)
Train (75 h, n = 44)
Outdoor (387 h, n = 109)
Work place (561 h, n = 46)
School
(465 h, n = 49)
At home (5089 h, n = 115)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Power flux density [µW/m²]
0 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Electric field [V/m]
Uplink Downlink Broadcast DECT WLAN
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Weekend (WE) vs. workday (WD) exposure
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
19
0.15 V/m
0.21 V/m
0.16 V/m
0.15 V/m
0.22 V/m
0.16 V/m
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Power flux density [µW/m²]
0 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.27
Electric field [V/m]
Parents(n = 17)
Adolescents(n = 19)
YoungAdults(n = 12)
WD
WE
WD
WE
WD
WE
Uplink Downlink Broadcast DECT WLAN
All participants:Mean weekend: 0.18 V/mMean workday:0.18 V/m
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Day vs night exposure
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
20
0.18 V/m
0.09 V/m
0.18 V/m
0.11 V/m
0.26 V/m
0.12 V/m
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Power flux density [µW/m²]
0 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.27
Electric field [V/m]
Partents (n = 42)
Adolescents (n = 43)
YoungAdults (n = 30)
Day
Night
Day
Night
Day
Night
Uplink Downlink Broadcast DECT WLAN
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Uplink exposure
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
21
Mobile internet use Call duration (per day)
No mobileinternet use
(n = 14)
Mobile internet use
(n = 101)
0.05 V/m
0.11 V/m
No mobileinternet use
(n = 14)
Mobile internet use
(n = 101)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Power flux density [µW/m²]
0 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.27
Electric field [V/m]
Never (n = 38)
1-5 min
(n = 54)
6-15 min (n = 16)
16-30 min (n = 3)
31-60 min (n = 2)
>60 min (n = 2)
0.09 V/m
0.10 V/m
0.13 V/m
0.08 V/m
0.09 V/m
0.14 V/m
Never (n = 38)
1-5 min
(n = 54)
6-15 min (n = 16)
16-30 min (n = 3)
31-60 min (n = 2)
>60 min (n = 2)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Power flux density [µW/m²]
0 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.27
Electric field [V/m]
Combine near and far field by dosimetric approach
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Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
22
RF-EMF dose
Roser et al., IJERPH, 2015RF-EMF = radiofrequency electromagnetic fields
Near-field Far-field
brain whole body
���� �
���������� ∗ �� ∗ �����������
SAR = normalized Specific Absorption Rate
���� �
������������� ∗ �� ∗ ����������������
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Average use in Züme
Population RF exposure23
� Calls with mobile phones: 5.2 Min/day (8% with headset/speaker)� Calls with cordless phones: 4.8 Min/day� Mobile data traffic on mobile phone: 19.0 Min/day� WLAN data traffic on mobile phone : 33.3 Min/day� Mobile phone transmission on the body in stand-by mode: 1.2 Min/day� WLAN Use on computer: 9.8 Min/day; with Laptop: 50.2 Min/day;
withTablet: 15.6 Min/day game console: 2.4 Min/day.� Mean measured far field exposure as presented before
Martin Röösli
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SAR values from the literature
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
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Roser et al., IJERPH, 2015
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Average cumulative dose
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
25
Brain Whole body
Dose [
mJ/k
g/d
ay]
Dose [
mJ/k
g/d
ay]
Mobile phone callsCordless phone callsMobile data traffic
Mobile phone stand-by data trafficWLAN Computer, laptops, tablets
BroadcastingMobile phone base stationsWLAN access points
DECT cordless phone base stationsMobile phones
Close to body Far field
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Uncertainties
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
26
Seawind, Final Report, FP7-ENV-2009-1
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UMTS phones emit 100-500 times less than GSM phones!
Population RF exposure27
UMTS:
GSM:
Persson et al., BioEM, 2012
Adapted from Vreiheid, OEM, 2009
Martin Röösli
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Dose Züme: assuming UMTS call only
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
28
Dose [
mJ/k
g/d
ay]
Dose [
mJ/k
g/d
ay]
Brain Whole body
Mobile phone callsCordless phone callsMobile data traffic
Mobile phone stand-by data trafficWLAN Computer, laptops, tablets
BroadcastingMobile phone base stationsWLAN access points
DECT cordless phone base stationsMobile phones
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Dose Züme: assuming max. downlink (0.51 V/m)
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
29
Dose [
mJ/k
g/d
ay]
Dose [
mJ/k
g/d
ay]
Brain Whole body
Mobile phone callsCordless phone callsMobile data traffic
Mobile phone stand-by data trafficWLAN Computer, laptops, tablets
BroadcastingMobile phone base stationsWLAN access points
DECT cordless phone base stationsMobile phones
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Exposure change over time
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
30
Mobile phone subscribers per 100 inhabitants(ITU, 2015)
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Temporal trends in measurement surveys
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
31
Rowley et al., JESEE, 2012
E-field
Dow
nlin
k
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Temporal Variability in microenvironmental surveys (Total RF-EMF)
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
Urbinello et al., Env Res, 2014
32
Outdoor areas Public transport
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Comparison of adult exposure in Qualifex and Zürich study
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
33
Mean HF-EMF: 117 µW/m² (0.21 V/m)
Mean Downlink: 26 µW/m² (0.10 V/m)
Mean Uplink: 46 µW/m² (0.16 V/m)
Mean HF-EMF: 90 µW/m² (0.18 V/m)
Mean Downlink: 32 µW/m² (0.11 V/m)
Mean Uplink: 38 µW/m² (0.12 V/m)
Qualifex (Basel), 2007/2008 (n=131)
6% 4%
0%
39%
22%
24%
5%
36%
42%
12%
5%5%
Zürich 2014/2015 (n=72)
Uplink
Downlink
Broadcast
DECT
WLAN
mW /m²
FM TV Tetrapol Uplink Downlink DECT W-LAN * without own phone use*
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Conlusions
� Far field exposure levels considerably below ICNIRP guidelines.
� Environmental exposure levels remarkably constant in the last 10 years.
� Own use of devices close to body most relevant for cumulative dose.
� For head dose: mobile phone use most relevant, but highly dependenton technology and connection quality.
� For whole body dose: data transmission very relevant.
� Several aspects of exposure not well understood: stand-by, different datatransmission technology, etc.
� A better understanding of the link between technology and exposurewould allow efficient exposure reduction.
Population RF exposure Martin Röösli
34